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The Mark of a Criminal Record1 - Harvard University

AJSV olume 108 Number 5 (March 2003): 937 75937 2003 by The < strong >Universitystrong > of Chicago. All rights $ Mark of a < strong >Criminalstrong > < strong >Record1strong > Devah PagerNorthwestern UniversityWith over 2 million individuals currently incarcerated, and overhalf a million prisoners released each year, the large and growingnumber of men being processed through the < strong >Criminalstrong > justice systemraises important questions about the consequences of this massiveinstitutional intervention. This article focuses on the consequencesof incarceration for the employment outcomes of black and whitejob seekers. The present study adopts an experimental auditapproach in which matched pairs of individuals applied for realentry-level jobs to formally test the degree to which a < strong >Criminalstrong > re-cord affects subsequent employment opportunities. The findings ofthis study reveal an important, and much underrecognized, mech-anism of stratification.

economic opportunities. Using longitudinal survey data, researchers have studied the employment probabilities and income of individuals after release from prison and have found a strong and consistent negative effect of incarceration (Western and Beckett 1999; Freeman 1987; Nagin and Waldfogel 1993).

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