Transcription of THE RESTORATIVE BENEFITS OF NATURE: TOWARD ... - …
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Journal o/Enuinm,mfol Ps>clmlog~ (1995) 16, 169-182 B 1996 Academic Press Limited THE RESTORATIVE BENEFITS OF nature : TOWARD AN INTEGRATIVE FRAMEWORK STEPHEN KAPLAN Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor-, MI 48109-1109, Abstract Directed attention plays an important role in human information processing; its fatigue, in turn, has far- reaching consequences. Attention Restoration Theory provides an analysis of the kinds of experiences that lead to recovery from such fatigue. Natural environments turn out to be particularly rich in the character- istics necessary for RESTORATIVE experiences. An integrative framework is proposed that places both directed attention and stress in the larger context of human-environment relationships. 0 1995 Academic Press Limited Introduction Evidence pointing to the psychological BENEFITS of nature has accumulated at a remarkable rate in a relatively short period of time. Whether a theoreti- cal understanding of these RESTORATIVE influences has kept pace with the empirical work is, however, less clear.
The Restorative Benefits of Nature 171 taged by this limitation. But there remains the question of how significant the fatigue of directed
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