Transcription of The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of ...
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Psychological Review 1993, Vol. 100. No. 3, 363-406 Copyright 1993 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. OO33-295X/93 The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert performance K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf Th. Krampe, and Clemens Tesch-Romer The theoretical framework presented in this article explains expert performance as the end result of individuals' prolonged efforts to improve performance while negotiating motivational and external constraints. In most domains of expertise, individuals begin in their childhood a regimen of effortful activities ( Deliberate Practice ) designed to optimize improvement.
successful performance outside the school environment (Ceci, 1990; Howe, 1990). The relation of IQ to exceptional perfor-mance is rather weak in many domains, including music (Shuter-Dyson, 1982) and chess (Doll & Mayr, 1987). For scien-tists, engineers, and medical doctors that complete the required
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