Understanding triangulation in research

Understanding triangulation in researchRoberta Heale,1 Dorothy Forbes2 The term triangulation originates in thefield of navi-gation where a location is determined by using theangles from two known inresearch is the use of more than one approach toresearching a question. The objective is to increase con-fidence in thefindings through the confirmation of aproposition using two or more independent combination offindings from two or more rigorousapproaches provides a more comprehensive picture ofthe results than either approach could do is typically associated with researchmethods and designs. However, there are several othervariations on the term. triangulation may be the use ofmultiple theories, data sources, methods or investigatorswithin the study of a single tech-nique was originally introduced into qualitative researchin the 1950s as a means to avoid potential biases arisingfrom the use of a single technique isused to confirm suggestedfindings, but it can also beused to determine the completeness of triangulation is the most commontype of that use triangulationmay include two or more sets of data collection usingthe same methodology, such as from qualitative datasources.

tions for the phenomenon under investigation.3 Examples of triangulation, or mixed methods, are as varied as there are research studies. Nurses’ attitudes about teamwork may be collected through a survey and focus group discussion. A study to explore the reduction of blood pressure through a nutritional education pro-

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