Traffic Signs Manual – Chapter 6 - Traffic Control

1 9780115537448 ISBN 978-0-11-553744-8 TrafficSignsManualTraffic Control20196 CHAPTERT raffic Signs Manual Chapter 6 DFT TSM Chapter 6 New Edition 1-328/11/2019 12:55 Traffic Signs ManualChapter 6 Traffic ControlDepartment for TransportDepartment for Infrastructure (Northern Ireland)Scottish GovernmentWelsh GovernmentLondon: TSOD esigners should consult the Department for Transport s website for confirmation of current publication for The Department for Transport under licence from the Controller of Her Majesty s Stationery Office Crown copyright 2019 All rights reservedCopyright in the typographical arrangement rests with the publication, excluding logos, may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for non commercial research, private study or for internal circulation within an organisation. This is subject to it being reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context.

2 The copyright source of the material must be acknowledged and the title of the publication published 2019 ISBN 978 0 11 553744 8 Printed in the United Kingdom for TSO (The Stationery Office)J003631700 c2 12/19 Traffic Signs ManualContents of Chapters 1 8 Chapter 1 IntroductionCHAPTER 2 Informatory Signs * Chapter 3 Regulatory SignsCHAPTER 4 Warning SignsCHAPTER 5 Road MarkingsCHAPTER 6 Traffic ControlCHAPTER 7 The design of Traffic SignsCHAPTER 8 Traffic Safety Measures and Signs for Road Works and Temporary Situations * To be published at a later date3 CONTENTS1 INTRODUCTION Overview Legal Definitions References Format Working drawings Use of Traffic signals Justification Consultation and publicity Control equipment Post installation 13 SECTION I SIGNAL CONTROLLED JUNCTIONS 152 LAYOUT REQUIREMENTS General Junction intervisibility zone Obstructions Corner radii Lane widths Left turn slip lanes Separation islands 193 LOCATION OF SIGNALS General Signal heads Signal head alignment

3 Signal posts Green arrows 254 ROAD MARKINGS General Stop lines Longitudinal markings Lane destination markings 305 SIGNING General Regulatory Signs Supplementary exception plates Warning Signs 336 BASIC PRINCIPLES General Cycle Phase Stage 364 Intergreen period Determination of intergreen times Pedestrian to Traffic intergreens Interstage period Parallel stage stream Dummy phases Minimum phase green times Maximum phase green times Extension times 457 ASSESSMENT AND MODELLING General Saturation flow Degree of Saturation Lost time and effective green time Preliminary assessment Modelling 478 STAGING ARRANGEMENTS General Two vehicular stages Early cut off Separately signalled right turns Late start Part time operation Hurry calls 549 Control STRATEGIES General Responsive Control strategies Isolated Control strategies Co ordinated Control strategies: linked systems Co ordinated Control strategies: Urban Traffic Control (UTC) Urban Traffic Management and Control (UTMC) Master time clock switch 5810 DETECTION General Below ground detection Above ground detection System D, Speed Assessment and Speed Discrimination 5911 PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES AT SIGNAL CONTROLLED JUNCTIONS General Signal heads, push buttons and pedestrian demand units Geometric layout Stop lines Crossing studs and tactile paving layouts Pedestrian crossing sequences and timings design walking speed Clearance period 675 Worked example: farside facilities Worked example.

4 Nearside facilities Kerbside and on crossing detection Pedestrian countdown signals Tactile and audible signals No pedestrian facilities Full pedestrian stage Walk with Traffic pedestrian facility Staggered or two stage pedestrian facility Displaced pedestrian facility 7812 FACILITIES FOR PEDAL CYCLE Traffic General Signal timings for cyclists Detection for cyclists Signal heads for cyclists Signal controlled junction layouts Cycle bypasses Dedicated cycle phase for cycle only movements Toucan facilities Signal controlled cycle facility Hold the left turn Two stage right turns Cycle gates Priority using green cycle aspects Advanced stop lines (ASLs) for cyclists Cycle safety mirrors 97 SECTION II CROSSINGS 9913 SITE ASSESSMENT General Site Survey Pedestrian survey Traffic survey Crossing difficulty Average crossing time and speed Road accidents 10214 OPTION ASSESSMENT General Crossing options 10415 CROSSING design REQUIREMENTS General Accessibility Uncontrolled or informal crossings Location Visibility Width Road markings and controlled areas 1086 Zig zag and terminal lines Road studs Surfacing Guardrailing Proximity to priority junctions Approach to a roundabout Junctions with a yellow box marking Traffic signal controlled junction School crossing patrols Tactile and audible signals Lighting Provision for bus stops Crossings placed on road humps 12416 ZEBRA CROSSINGS General Layout

5 Considerations 12517 PARALLEL CROSSINGS General Layout considerations 12918 SIGNAL CONTROLLED CROSSINGS General Layout considerations Staggered and two stage crossings Signal operation Co ordinated Control design walking speed Detection Operational cycles and timings 13819 PUFFIN CROSSINGS General 14020 TOUCAN CROSSINGS General 14121 SIGNAL CONTROLLED PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES (PEDEX) General Pedestrian countdown 14222 EQUESTRIAN CROSSINGS General Signal heads, push buttons and pedestrian demand units. Holding area Timings Parallel pedestrian and Toucan facilities 1447 SECTION III OTHER SIGNALS 14723 SIGNALS FOR LIGHT RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEMS (TRAMS) General 14824 WIG WAG SIGNALS General Signal heads Control equipment Swinging or lifting (moveable) bridges Airfields Premises used by the emergency services Warning lights.

6 Cattle crossing ahead 15225 SCHOOL CROSSING PATROL WIG WAG SIGNALS General 15326 SIGNALS FOR LANE Control General 155 SECTION IV INSTALLATION 15927 INSTALLATION General Relevant legislation Preparation Civil engineering works Electrical installation Signal heads and posts Associated equipment Controller cabinet Temporary signals Testing and certification Completion of works Acceptance testing Post completion works Documentation 165 APPENDIX A 166 LIST OF FIGURES 175 LIST OF TABLES 178 INDEX 1798 1 The Traffic Signs Manual (the Manual ) offers advice to Traffic authorities and their contractors, designers and managing agents in the United Kingdom, on the correct use of Traffic Signs and road markings on the highway network. Mandatory requirements are set out in the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions 2016 (as amended) (TSRGD).

7 In Northern Ireland the relevant legislation is the Traffic Signs Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1997 (as amended). Whilst the Manual can assist with complying with the mandatory requirements, it cannot provide a definitive legal interpretation, nor can it override them. This remains the prerogative of the courts or parking adjudicators in relation to the appearance and use of specific Traffic Signs , road markings etc. at specific The advice is given to assist authorities in the discharge of their duties under section 122 of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 and Part 2 of the Traffic Management Act 2004 in England and under Part 1 of the Roads (Scotland) Act 1984. Subject to compliance with the Directions, which are mandatory (see and ), it is for Traffic authorities to determine what signing is necessary to meet those The Manual applies to the United Kingdom. References to the national authority should therefore be interpreted as referring to the Secretary of State for Transport, the Department for Infrastructure (Northern Ireland), the Scottish Government or the Welsh Government as appropriate.

8 Any reference to the Department is a reference to the Department for Transport or the appropriate national authority for Northern Ireland, Scotland or Wales as described This Chapter of the Manual contains advice recommended for those designing Traffic signal junctions and crossings on roads with a speed limit of 40 mph and under, particularly in urban areas. It also provides advice on the design of wig wag signals, tram signals and lane Control signals. For junctions on roads with speed limits above 40 mph, the advice given in Highways England s design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) may be more The following documents are superseded by the advice in this Chapter :a) Traffic Advisory Leaflet 2/03 Signal Control at Junctions on High speed Roads , in respect of the advice on Speed Assessment and Speed Discriminationb) Traffic Advisory Leaflet 3/03 Equestrian Crossings c) Traffic Advisory Leaflet 5/05 Pedestrian Facilities at Signal controlled Junctions d) Traffic Advisory Leaflet 1/06 General Principles of Traffic Control by Light Signals e) Traffic Advisory Leaflet 1/08 Wig wag signals f) Traffic Advisory Leaflet 1/13 Reducing Sign Clutter g) Local Transport Note 1/95 The Assessment of Pedestrian Crossings h) Local Transport Note 2/95 The design of Pedestrian Crossings i) Local Transport Note 1/98 The installation of Traffic signals and associated equipment Engineers who design and maintain the road network must be able to offer consistent standards that can satisfy road users needs.

9 Traffic authorities depend on signing and signalling for the efficient Control and movement of Traffic , for enforcement of Traffic regulations and, most importantly, as an aid to road safety. It is therefore recommended that all major Traffic signalling work should have been designed or checked by someone with an appropriate An example qualification would be the Institute of Highway Engineers Professional Certificate in Traffic Signal Control that allows applicants to demonstrate their experience and produce work to the required standard. For more information please Traffic Signs are placed by the Traffic authority, through the powers provided by the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984, to provide warnings, information and details of restrictions to road users. The police and certain other public bodies and statutory authorities also have the right to place Traffic Signs , but only in the limited circumstances provided for by the relevant legislation.

10 All Traffic Signs (which include Traffic signals and road markings) placed on a highway or on a road to which the public has access (right of passage in Scotland), as defined in section 142 of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 and amended by the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991, must be either prescribed by Regulations or authorised by the Secretary of State for Transport (for installations in England), the Department for Infrastructure (Northern Ireland), the Scottish Government or the Welsh Government as Care should be taken to ensure that Traffic Signs are used only as prescribed in the Regulations, and in accordance with any relevant directions, and that no non prescribed sign or signal is used unless it has been formally authorised in writing. Failure to do so may leave an authority open to litigation, or make a Traffic regulation order or Traffic Control measures There could be circumstances where it might be appropriate to use prescribed Signs or signals in a manner that is not strictly in accordance with the General Directions or the Schedule specific Directions.