RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY COUNTRY PROFILES

1 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY COUNTRY PROFILES 2011 version Based on POLICY information available in November 2011 Prepared within the Intelligent ENERGY Europe project Contract no.: EIE/08/517 Thomas Winkel, Max Rathmann, ECOFYS Mario Ragwitz, Simone Steinhilber, Jenny Winkler, FRAUNHOFER ISI Gustav Resch, Christian Panzer, Sebastian Busch, EEG Inga Konstantinaviciute, LITHUANIAN ENERGY INSTITUTE With contributions from: Sacha Alberici, Malte Gephart. Fieke Geurts, Corinna Klessmann, Matthias Kimmel, Paul Noothout, Siobhan O Keeffe, Georgios Papaefthymiou, Eva Teckenburg, ECOFYS Egidijus Norvaisa, Dalius Tarvydas, Viktorija Bobinaite, LITHUANIAN ENERGY INSTITUTE Botond We res, ENERGOBANKING ADVISORY, Hungary Arturo Lorenzoni, Niccol Cusumano, BOCCONI UNIVERSITY, Italy Mauro Roglieri, THESIS, Italy Franck van Dellen Ramon, FACTORCO2, Spain Arjan Visser, DJADADJI, Bulgaria Cristian Tantareanu, ENERO, Romania Programme area: ALTENER, RES Coordinator: Dr.

2 Mario Ragwitz Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI) Email: Phone: +49-721-6809-157 Partners: ENERGY Economics Group (EEG) at TU Vienna, Austria Ecofys (Ecofys), The Netherlands University of Cambridge (UCAM), United Kingdom Lithuanian ENERGY Institute (LEI), Lithuania Utrecht University, The Netherlands EnergoBanking Advisory Ltd, Hungary Bocconi University, Italy KEMA, The Netherlands Website: Objective: Derivation of effective and efficient policies supporting RENEWABLE energies in a liberalised European ENERGY market and assisting EU Member States in the implementation of the RES Directive for 2020. Benefits: A more effective promotion of RES at lower costs for consumers Keywords: RES, POLICY , Legislation Duration: 07/2009 12/2011 Contract number: EIE/08/517 The core objective of the project RE-Shaping is to assist Member State (MS) governments in preparing for the implementation of Directive 2009/28/EC and to guide a European POLICY for RES in the mid- to long term.

3 The past and present success of policies for RENEWABLE energies will be evaluated and recommendations derived to improve future RES support schemes. The effectiveness and the efficiency of current and future RES support schemes is analysed with specific focus on a single European market for RENEWABLE electricity products. Current best practices are identified, and (future) costs of RES and the corresponding support necessary to initiate stable growth are assessed. Better integration of RES policies with climate and innovation POLICY as well as liberalised ENERGY markets will be analysed and promoted. Options for flexibility between Member States will be analysed. The future deployment of RES in each MS will be calculated based on the Green-X model to assist MS in implementing national action plans and to support a long term vision of the European RES POLICY . The latter will be based on an in-depth analysis of the long term RES potentials and costs.

4 The impact of policies on risks for RES financing will be analysed and improved policies and financing instruments will be proposed. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Relationship of this document with NREAPs .. 4 Explanation graphs and tables shown on first page of each Member State section .. 5 Overview evolution of RES-E support instruments .. 7 National binding 2020 RES targets .. 8 AUSTRIA Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 9 BELGIUM - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 20 BULGARIA - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 36 CYPRUS - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 49 CZECH REPUBLIC - Summary: RES Target, Production and 58 DENMARK - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 71 ESTONIA - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 81 FINLAND - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 88 FRANCE - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential.

5 96 GERMANY - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 108 GREECE - Summary: RES Target, Penetration and Potential .. 120 HUNGARY - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 129 IRELAND - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 141 ITALY - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 150 LATVIA - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 163 LITHUANIA - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 175 LUXEMBOURG - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 186 MALTA - Summary RES Target, Production and Potential .. 195 NETHERLANDS - Summary RES Target, Production and Potential .. 204 POLAND - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 217 PORTUGAL - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 227 ROMANIA - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 244 SLOVAKIA - Summary: RES target, Production and Potential .. 254 SLOVENIA - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential.

6 263 SPAIN - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 275 SWEDEN - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 290 UNITED KINGDOM - Summary: RES Target, Production and Potential .. 299 4 Relationship of this document with NREAPs Article 4 of the RENEWABLE ENERGY Directive (2009/28/EC) required EU Member States to submit national RENEWABLE ENERGY action plans (NREAPs). In the NREAPs Member States describe how they envisage implementing the Directive and reaching 2020 targets. Each NREAP sets out sectoral targets, expected technology mix, and measures and reforms to overcome barriers to developing RENEWABLE energies. The content of the NREAPs is not explicitly mentioned in this report. The content of this report is based on local experts independent from Member State governments. While the NREAPs have been published throughout the year 2010, this report describes the POLICY situation as it applies in March 2011.

7 Due to these reasons differences may exist between the content of NREAPs and this report. All NREAPs can be accessed on the European Commission s ENERGY Transparency Platform: The European Environment Agency has contracted ECN to create an external database and quantitative report of the NREAPs: 5 Explanation graphs and tables shown on first page of each Member State section Below the figures and tables shown on the first page of each Member State section are explained. - All values are final ENERGY as defined by the Renewables Directive. First box: Graph production and potential of RES-E, RES-H & RES-T Allows visually comparing the relevance of the different sectors to each other, to the 2020 national RES target and to total final consumption - The three dark-colored boxes represent the 2009 production of RES-E (left box), RES-T (middle box) and RES-H (right box): o The width of the box on the x-axis corresponds to the share of that sector s final ENERGY consumption (incl.)

8 Non-RES consumption) in total final consumption (value given in table). o The height of the box on the y-axis corresponds to the share of RES in the respective sector s final ENERGY consumption (value given in table). o Therefore the area of each box corresponds to the final ENERGY produced by that RES sector (value given in table). This allows visually comparing the relevance of the different RES-sectors to each other. - The 2020 target is represented by the dotted line. - The three light-colored boxes represent the realizable potential in 2020 of RES-E (left box), RES-T (middle box) and RES-H (right box). Note that the realizable potential is shown as share of 2009 consumption in the respective sector, and is therefore not corrected for change in respective consumption until 2020 (otherwise sector shares / box width in the graph would differ for 2009 production and 2020 potential). - The total area of the graph (= the full quadrant between x- and y-axis) corresponds to total final ENERGY consumption in that Member State.

9 This allows visually comparing the relevance of the different RES-sectors to total final consumption. - For definition and source of values see box below. First box: Table production and potential of RES-E, RES-H & RES-T and in total This table presents the data used in the first graph plus average annual growth rates - Row 1: RES-E production in 2009 divided by electricity consumption in 2009 - Row 2: electricity consumption in 2009 divided by total national final ENERGY consumption in 2009 - Row 3-7: Production and growth of production from RES in the respective sector - Row 8: Potential for RENEWABLE ENERGY production in the respective sector in 2020: The realisable potential from the Green-X database shown here represents the achievable potential in 2020 assuming that all existing barriers can be overcome and all driving forces are active. The realisable potential is limited by assumed maximum market growth rates and planning constraints.

10 Assumptions on maximum market growth rates and planning constraints are based on historic experience at technology level a best practice evolution is preconditioned as observed in lead markets. Consequently, the realisable potential should not be misinterpreted as an absolute maximum: If policies, markets or technologies develop extraordinarily fast, the realisable potential given here can be exceeded. The 6 realisable potential has to refer to a certain year it becomes substantially higher the further one looks into the future. - Row 9: Average annual growth of total RES production needed between 2009 and 2020 in that Member State in order to achieve the national 2020 RES target. Assumptions for this calculation: (a) No physical import or export of RES or statistical transfer; (b) 2020 ENERGY consumption is taken from the PRIMES efficiency scenario (2008 version). Second box: Graph production and potential per RES technology Allows visually comparing the relevance of the different RES technologies to each other also across sectors - Per technology the production in 2009 is shown (blue bar) and the realizable potential in 2020 (red bar) and 2030 (light red bar).