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2 (Credits: Praful Gangurde, Hindustan Times, 19 January 2010, Mumbai)iTeam Advisory Committee Sandeep Shastri Sanjay KumarSuhas PalshikarVipul MudgalAnalysis and report writing Ananya Singh Ankita Barthwal Asmita Aasaavari Arushi GuptaRadhika JhaShakeb AyazShreyas Sardesai Vijay PrakashState Coordinators A. K. VermaAnnapurna NautiyalAnupama SaxenaBhanu Parmar Biswajit Mohanty Dhruba Pratim Sharma E. VenkatesuGyanaranjan SwainHarishwar Dayal Jagrup Singh Sekhon Sajad Ibrahim Kushal Pal M. Asmer BegMahashweta Jani Nitin Birmal P. RamajayamRakesh Ranjan Sanjay Lodha Sudhir Kumar Suprio Basu Yatindra Singh Sisodia Research Support Dhananjay Kumar Singh Himanshu Bhattacharya Jyoti MishraVibha AttriState Supervisors Anita AgarwalKamal SrivastavaNidhi SethNirmal SinghNurul Hasan Reetika SyalShamshad Ansari Umesh BujjiVeena Devi ContentsList of Tables 1 List of Figures 3 List of Abbreviations 6 Surveyed States 8 Acknowledgement 9 Introduction 10 Chapter 1: Let the Numbers Speak: Police Performance Review 14 Chapter 2: Experience with the Police 33 Chapter 3: Trust in Police 54 Chapter 4.

3 People s Perception of Discrimination by the Police 70 Chapter 5: Fear of Police and Attitudes towards its Excesses 90 Chapter 6: People s Perception on Different Aspects of policing 105 Chapter 7: Analysing CAG Audit Reports 124 Chapter 8: Conclusion 133 Appendix 1: Technical details of study design and sample 141 Appendix 2: Questionnaire 144 Appendix 3: Details of how the indices were constructed 154 Appendix 4: Details of state rankings 160 Appendix 5: State wise findings from the survey 171 Appendix 6a: Police performance review using official data 185 Appendix 6b: Police performance review using objective data 192 Appendix 7: States compliance with Supreme Court directives 201 Appendix 8: CAG Report on Modernisation of Police 205 Status of policing in India Report 2018 | 1 List of TablesTable no. Title of the tablesPage no.

4 Table Crime rate index 18 Table Disposal of cases by police and courts index 22 Table diversity Index 23 Table Police infrastructure Index 24 Table data index 26 Table of cases of crimes against SCs, STs, women and children Index 28 Table of state performance 30 Table of police contact by caste 37 Table of FIR registration by locality and gender 40 Table of complaint/ FIR across localities and gender 41 Table Muslims and OBCs are most likely to have paid bribe on contacting the police 42 Table ranking of responses about satisfaction with police help after having contacted it 43 Table ranking of responses on incidence of crime 45 Table perception on police s investigation of crime 48 Table of safety among people at different times of the day 50 Table castes most vocal about greater police presence 51 Table in local police by state 56 Table in senior police by state 57 Table in West Bengal.

5 Assam and Jharkhand most willing to send their child to the police station if need arises 58 Table of states in terms of trust in police 62 Table with police performance and its impact on levels of trust in it 63 Table in police and its impact on satisfaction with its performance 63 Table of states in terms of satisfaction with police performance 64 Table levels highest for those who believe police intentionally implicates 65 Table of corruption and level of trust for local police 65 Table Perception of corruption and level of trust for senior police officer 65 Table of corruption and level of trust for traffic police 65 Table with police helps aid trust level66 Table with the help provided by police is positively related to willingness to approach it again 67 Table Dissatisfaction in Muslims most in states with very bad Muslim representation 68 Table representation of women in police leads to dissatisfaction with police among women 68 Table State-wise opinion on caste-based discrimination by the police 74 Table of castes and communities on police impartiality in the event of a caste strife 75 Table opinion on religious discrimination by the police 77 Table State-wise opinion on gender discrimination by the police 802 | Status of policing in India Report 2018 Table opinion on class-based discrimination 82 Table opinion on state-based discrimination84 Table ranking based on overall perception of discrimination 86 Table on false implication of marginalized communities by the police 86 Table opinion on false implication of SCs in petty crimes 87 Table opinion on false implication of tribals on

6 Maoist charges 87 Table opinion on false implication of Muslims in terrorism related cases 88 Table most fearful of being beaten up by the police 91 Table responses about fear of police: Punjab is the most afraid 92 Table most fearful where their numbers are low 94 Table highest when one believes police is highly discriminatory 96 Table between awareness and fear of police: fear increases with awareness 97 Table very fearful of police if 97 Table who believe police falsely implicates their community in terror related cases are most fearful of it 97 Table STs who believe police falsely implicates them are three times more likely to be highly fearful of it than those who don t 98 Table fearful respondents most likely to have a negative perception of the police 98 Table Fear increases the level of partiality people perceive in the police 98 Table afraid of the police are less likely to approach them 99 Table leads to a demand for lesser police presence99 Table State-wise arrangement of scores showing attitudes towards police violence 100 Table for police likely to influence attitudes towards police brutality 102 Table in Jharkhand are most aware about quite a few cases

7 Involving police violence 103 Table levels lowest for traffic police 106 Table police thought to be least corrupt107 Table tribes most likely to hold a negative perception of the police 110 Table and Himachal Pradesh have the most positive perception of police 111 Table People with a negative perception of the police least likely to seek police help 111 Table Extent of interference in the police s functioning in one s area112 Table on the question of police independence 113 Table perception of police greatest among those who don t see police as independent 113 Table Sympathy for the police increases with improvement in the literacy levels of respondents 116 Table Ranking of states on sympathy for police s working conditions 117 Table depends on sympathy levels for police 118 Table Responses to questions on women working in the police force 120 Table Gender based responses on women working in the police force 120 Table Overall favorability towards women in the police force 121 Table Young women more favorable towards having women in police than older women 121 Table favorability towards women in the police force 122 Table Fear of social stigma and harassment biggest reason why women don t approach the police 123 Status of policing in India Report 2018 | 3 List of FiguresFigure of the figuresPage of total cognizable crime and rate of violent crime indices20 Figure of cases.

8 Police and Court Indices21 Figure of Muslim prisoners vis-a-vis percentage Muslim population in the states27 Figure Indices29 Figure four in five respondents did not have any contact the police in recent past34 Figure are more likely to have contacted the police35 Figure well-to-do reported greatest police contact35 Figure who are most educated report highest police contact36 Figure reported highest police contact36 Figure of police contact37 Figure poorest are nearly twice as likely to have been contacted by the police as the rich37 Figure for police contact38 Figure large plurality of people continue to visit the police station for their work38 Figure two-fifth people sought a family member s help in contacting the police39 Figure of complaints/ FIR has a direct impact on people s satisfaction levels39 Figure for non-registration of FIR40 Figure of FIR/ Complaint41 Figure of those who paid bribe41 Figure large proportion of persons were moderately satisfied with police s help42 Figure with the police help across localities42 Figure for dissatisfaction43 Figure three-fourth respondents said that they will contact the police if the need arises44 Figure with the police likely to encourage police contact if needed44 Figure of crime by locality45 Figure one-third believe that crime in their locality has reduced46 Figure in the incidence of crime across localities46 Figure on police s investigation by locality47 Figure overall satisfaction with police48 Figure one-fifth respondents have witnessed a police officer violating the law49 Figure dwellers are more likely to have witnessed a

9 Police officer violating the law49 Figure safe has bearing on levels of satisfaction with the police50 Figure large plurality of citizens want greater police presence in their locality51 Figure who used the 100-number service52 Figure in the access of 100 number52 Figure out of ten women did not call on the helpline524 | Status of policing in India Report 2018 Figure on police related services53 Figure in police vis- -vis other institutions55 Figure unlikely to let their wards visit police station alone58 Figure trust levels in the police based on the trust Index59 Figure is inversely proportional to class hierarchy59 Figure STs distrust the police more than any other caste groups60 Figure literacy levels correspond to high levels of distrust60 Figure and agricultural workers more distrustful of the police61 Figure more distrustful of police62 Figure perception of police indicates high levels of distrust65 Figure a bribe and trust levels66 Figure having paid a bribe to the police.

10 Relatively more hesitant to approach it in future67 Figure a quarter think police discriminates on the basis of caste72 Figure among Hindus most likely to believe that police engages in caste discrimination72 Figure see the police as discriminating on caste basis more than other religious communities72 Figure OBCs more vocal than Muslim upper castes in their perception of discrimination on caste basis73 Figure well-off among communities more likely to perceive caste-based discrimination73 Figure s opinion on police impartiality in the event of a caste strife75 Figure in every five deny occurrence of discrimination by police on religious grounds76 Figure most likely to see police as discriminating on grounds of religion76 Figure in every three view police as being impartial when faced with an inter-religious conflict77 Figure of religious communities on police impartiality in the event of a religious strife78 Figure on gender-based discrimination by the police78 Figure men and women more likely to see gender bias among police than rural men and women79 Figure educated women and men more likely to express gender discrimination by police79 Figure on class- based discrimination by the police80 Figure rich and poor equally likely to believe that police discriminates on class lines81 Figure poor more likely to view police as being discriminatory than rural poor81 Figure on discrimination by the police against people from another