The Making of Modern Japan - Bakumatsu.ru

1 The Making of Modern JapanTheMAKINGofMODERNJAPANM arius B. Jansenthe belknap press ofharvard university pressCambridge, MassachusettsLondon, EnglandCopyright 2000by the President and Fellows of Harvard CollegeAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaThird printing,2002 First Harvard University Press paperback edition,2002 Book design by Marianne PerlakLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataJansen, Marius Making of Modern Japan / Marius B. bibliographical references and 0-674-00334-9(cloth)isbn 0-674-00991-6(pbk.)1. Japan History Tokugawa period,1600 History Meiji period,1868 I. 2000952 .025 dc2100-041352 CONTENTSP refacexiiiAcknowledgmentsxviiNote on Names and Sengoku New Sengoku Unifiers: Oda Spoils of Sekigahara: Tokugawa TOKUGAWA the Structure of the Tokugawa Domains(han) and Periphery: Bakufu-Han Tokugawa State with Countries of the the Seclusion Dutch at with Question of the Closed Country Imperial Ruling Samurai (cho nin) and AND Castle : The Central DEVELOPMENT OF A MASS the Ruling and and , THOUGHT, AND Diffusion of and Problem of , or Western, Learning(rangaku) , PROTEST, AND and OPENING TO THE from Perry War TOKUGAWA Open the Other Restoration Did the Tokugawa Fall?

2 MEIJI toward Cultural throughout the Breakup of the Restoration and THE MEIJI Struggle for Political Hirobumi and the Meiji Aritomo and the Imperial Arinori and Meiji : The Meiji under the Meiji Policy and Treaty with Diplomacy of Annexation of and Antiquity! and Enlightenment! Be a Success! and State and BETWEEN THE toward Party in World CULTURE AND and Law Faculty of Tokyo Imperial Youth: From Civilization to Culture in the Interwar CHINA Beginnings: The : Eastward the Course of and Sacralization ofKokutaiand the Return to Economy: Recovery and :The Conversion of the for a Managed with China and Konoe s New Order in Asia PACIFIC World Politics from to Reconfigure the Meiji Washington Japanese People and the Road to Hiroshima and Pacific War in the History of theTwentieth the Meiji YOSHIDA Social Context of Postsurrender and for and the Road to San San Francisco and the Yoshida SINCE and Rise to Economic Examined in World at Millennium s End759 Further Reading769 Notes795 Credits841 Index843 Illustrations follow pages140,364, raids, wars, and settlements in Asia in thefifteenth and sixteenth domains in1664,as reassigned by the earlyTokugawa shoguns40 cities and principal land and coastal communi-cations routes in the eighteenth century136 Meiji followed by the Iwakura embassy of1871 Meiji Empire, areas of China.

3 1937 Pacific War652 Japan in2000758 PREFACEMy entry into the field of Japanese history was fortuitous. Asan undergraduate at Princeton I had decided on a career inReformation and Renaissance history, but World War II and themilitary duty I began in1943changed that. An army languageprogram, followed by service in Okinawa and Japan , broughtexperiences and interests that proved compelling. The armyprogram was directed by a pioneer in the study of Japan , SergeElisse eff, who was himself a chapter in the West s encounterwith Japan . Son of a wealthy Russian merchant, he had studiedat Tokyo Imperial University in the last years of the Meiji periodmajoring in Japanese literature, the first non-Japanese to do so,and became a member of the student group that met with thegreat novelist Natsume So seki. Returning to Moscow, he nar-rowly survived the Bolshevik Revolution and made his way toParis before coming to head the Harvard-Yenching Institute was a splendid teacher, with a personal anecdote tounderscore the usage of almost any word or was astonished by a language so different from those Iknew, and to acquire it was almost like learning to think a sec-ond time.

4 There were gradations of status so clearly establishedthat they seemed terraces of courtesy, and all transcribed in anonalphabetic script. Long before the course was completed Ihad decided to return for more systematic study once the warwas with Japanese society confirmed me in thatresolution. On Okinawa I found a gentle, warm, and forgivingpeople, stripped of everything except their dignity, dazed andsurprised to find themselves alive after the carnage of a battlethat had reduced their numbers by one-quarter. They seemedcourteous, deferential, and quietly skeptical of all authority. Inthe Japan to which I was soon transferred shadowy figuresxivPrefacemoved along darkened streets in the rubble of the cities, far more fearful, andfar less open, than the Okinawans had followed an assignment to join a small detachment in the magnifi-cent mountains of Hakone, among villages to which Japanese authorities hadsent the friendly European community for shelter when the cities were setablaze by fire raids.

5 The little unit to which I found myself attached had asits mission the investigation of the master spy Richard Sorge, whose story theIntelligence Section of General Headquarters wanted clarified as an objectlesson in the dangers of Communist subversion. Sorge, a German of Russianbirth, combined brilliance with extraordinary recklessness. As columnist fortheFrankfurter Zeitunghe had secured access to the military men who headedthe Nazi embassy in Tokyo, mixed easily with Japanese social scientists, manyof them Marxist, who staffed a research institute established by Prince Konoe,three times prime minister, and then transmitted to Moscow reel after reelof secret documents which indicated that Japan would strike south and notnorth against the Russians. Our office contained the relevant files from theGerman embassy, and former ambassador general Eugen Ott, who had losthis post when Sorge was unmasked, lived nearby; his successor, HeinrichStahmer, lived upstairs in the hotel in which we had our office.

6 So too theGerman embassy s military attache , who described for us his astonishment,on walking his dog in Hibiya Park one December morning, at hearing thatthe Japanese navy had attacked Pearl Harbor and war had broken out withthe United States. It would be difficult to imagine a better introduction tocontemporary East Asian same good fortune continued during my years of graduate trainingin Chinese and Japanese studies at Harvard after the war. Some of our num-ber, most of them with prewar experience of East Asia, were following plansthey had had to defer because of military service during the war, but the greatmajority of us were wartime converts, eager to place what we had learned andexperienced in a larger and longer historical context. Edwin Reischauer, newlyreturned as professor from service in Washington and little more than a de-cade senior to most of us, was the coach and leader of the team, and hisvitality and energy balanced Professor Elisse eff s quiet astonishment at thissudden influx of enthusiastic students.

7 There was an air of excitement anddiscovery about our work; the world we were studying seemed newly opened,and its paths were still first research topic was chosen almost as accidentally as my entranceinto Japanese studies. I needed a topic that could be researched in Japanesesources for John Fairbank s seminar in Chinese history, and out of that camea concern with Sino-Japanese cultural and political contacts that never leftPrefacexvme and is reflected in the chapters that Japanese and Sun Yat-sen(Harvard University Press,1954)traced friendships that developed betweenChinese and Japanese in shared distress at the rise of Western imperialismin the last decades of the nineteenth century, and closer study of Japaneseparticipants in those events opened windows on the aspirations of a genera-tion of young Japanese whose identities had been shaken to the core by thetidal wave of foreign culture they encountered.

8 Miyazaki To ten and ChibaTakusaburo , two young men who figure in this narrative, exemplify that shockand cultural most of that generation a desperate drive to shelter what was centralled to concentration on the construction of a Modern state. Sun Yat-sen andother Chinese exiles in Japan sometimes styled themselves after the state build-ers of Meiji Japan , while the young Miyazaki and Chiba looked for ways tobroaden the mandate their predecessors had worked out. To better under-stand this I turned next to the study of the thought and political world ofpre-Meiji activists, and tried to locate my subject in the political and intellec-tual ferment whose echoes still moved Meiji-era Japanese like Miyazaki as wellas their Chinese friends. For this a young enthusiast whose political growthwas mirrored in letters to the family he had left behind, and whose early deathat the hands of assassins, on the very eve of the Tokugawa fall, removed thepossibility of distraction by a later career, proved a happy ma and the Meiji Restoration(Princeton University Press,1961)also im-mersed me in problems of local history in late and post-feudal institutionsin Tokugawa Japan , and these in turn traced their origin to the founding ofthe shogunate sweep of Japanese history, from1600to the present, has been the subjectof my teaching and research in the decades that have followed, and it is thefield I have taken as my problem in this book.

9 It would have been an easiertask fifty years ago, when I began my career at the University of is difficult today to imagine a field in which there were almost no books,few articles, and not very many ideas. The study of Japanese history has grownexponentially in this half century, and the flood of publications and varietyof topics have forced students to specialize in ways that my generation couldnot. We were less learned, no doubt, but perhaps also more fortunate, forevery topic lay ready to hand and needed to be examined. Concepts like feu-dalism, militarism, modernization, statism, civil society, and social historyhave changed the landscape, each leaving awareness of new problems andpossibilities in its generation of historians of Japan has also benefited immeasurablyxviPrefacefrom the accessibility and cooperation of scholars in Japan .

10 In my case, a yearspent as executive associate at the International House of Japan in Tokyoduring1960 61led to friendships that have deepened over the years. It hasbeen quite different for our counterparts in Chinese history; however greatthe contributions of expatriate Chinese scholars and institutions on the edgesof China itself, universities in the People s Republic were beyond reach, per-sonally and intellectually, for the greater part of the last half century. In con-trast the flow of visiting scholars from Japan , and their receptivity to col-leagues, students, and publications on this side of the Pacific, created auniverse of shared discovery that has been central to all our work. Visitingscholars became partners in projects by the1950s; they were taking part inmultinational and binational research conferences by the1960s, joined com-mittees to plan research programs in the1970s, and took part in editorialboards and manuscript preparation for projects like theCambridge History ofJapanin the1980s and1990s.