GEAPS Great Lakes Regional Conference 2017 …

1 GEAPS Great Lakes Regional Conference 2017 explosion protection overview & Market Drivers1 April 6, 2017 Outline Combustible Dust overview explosion protection Market Drivers Technology Options Questions2 Combustible Dust DefinitionVery small particles become airborne settling on surfaces and within crevices throughout the manufacturing area Lighting, pipes, dust collectors, other equipmentWhen disturbed, they can create dispersed clouds of combustible dust = explosion risk3 Dusts diameters are typically less than 500 micron but surface area-to-volume is a key factor in rate of combustion, so shape influences combustion Fire Triangle4 Current explosion Pentagon5 Combustible Dusts Metals dust such as aluminum, magnesium, titanium, or steel Wood or wood products Coal or other carbon dust Plastic dusts or additives Organic dusts such as sugar, paper, soap.

2 Or dried blood even chicken poop6 Quick Terms Dust PropertiesKstDeflagration Index for dust -The maximum rate of pressure rise during a contained deflagration of an optimum mixture[bar*m/sec]PmaxMaximum Pressure -maximum pressure developed in a contained deflagration of an optimum mixture [bar]7 Flame and Pressure Growth in a VesselPRESSURE (BARA)Time100 Pressure Wave 1100 80 [dp/dt]maxPmax8 Equipment Involved in Dust ExplosionsLocationsUS (1985 1995)UK (1979 1988)Germany (1965 1980)Number ofIncidents%Number ofIncidents%Number ofIncidents%Dust Collectors1564255187317 Grinders35951175613 Conveying Systems32933114310 Silos/Bunkers2771968613 Dryer/Oven2264314348 Mixers/Blenders>12>372205 Other or Unknown8423953111427 Total372100303100426100 Source: Guidelines for Safe Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids, CCPS, AICHE9 How to tell if your process dust is combustible?

3 10 Is my dust Combustible? Easy way Sparks? Fire? Combustible Event? Test the dust Find out: Go No Go Minimal heat or energy to combust MIE minimal Ignition Energy millijoules MEC Minimal Explosible Concentration How much dust? Pressure signatures explosion Severity Test Kst / Pmax Shouldn t I be GRANDFATHERED??? 11 Bartlett Grain Atchison, KS October 29, 2011 6 Fatalities & 2 Injuries(Grain Dust 9x more explosive than coal dust)12 Imperial Sugar Port Wentworth, GA February 7, 2008 -14 Fatalities & 38 Injuries13 From 1980 -2014 330+ MAJOR Combustible Dust Incidents 150+ Workers Killed 879+ Workers Injured $$ BILLIONS in Damages CSB Final Report November 2006 The Danger of Combustible Dust NYT August 2014 Organizations Involved Chemical Safety Board (CSB) Investigation Report / Combustible Dust Hazard Study Occupational Safety & Health Admin (OSHA)

4 National Emphasis Program National Fire protection Association (NFPA) Codes & Standards NFPA 652 / NFPA 61 Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) OSHA Fire Marshall City Inspectors Insurance Companies14 NFPA Standards Guiding Safety Combustible Dust Standards Around Combustible Dust Occupational Safety & Health Admin (OSHA) National Emphasis Program National Fire protection Association (NFPA) Codes & Standards15 StandardDescriptionNFPA 61 Standard forthe Prevention of Fires and Dust Explosions in Agriculture & Food Processing Facilities ( 2017 )NFPA 652 Standard on Fundamentals of Combustible Dust (2016)NFPA654 Standard for the Prevention of Fire and Dust Explosions from the Manufacturing, Processing, and Handling of Combustible Particulate Solids ( 2017 )NFPA 655 Standard for Prevention SulfurNFPA 484 Standardaround Combustible MetalsNFPA 664 Standardaround Wood Processing ( 2017 )NFPA 68 Standard on explosion protection by Deflagration VentingNFPA 69 Standard on explosion Prevention SystemsNFPA 652 (2016)

5 Effective September 201516 New Hierarchy for commodity / Industry Standards Closest we ve been on national standard Process owner fully responsible Unawareness no longer acceptable DHA Protocol September 30, 2018 3 Year Mandatory (now out of date) Hazard Management NFPA 652 cross-references with NFPA 68 / NFPA 69 Stresses IsolationNFPA 61 ( 2017 ) Effective June 201617 New Emphasis on Mitigation (Ch. ) Clear Language on Responsibility (Ch. ) Extensive Cross-Referencing to NFPA 652 Absence of previous incidents shall not be used as basis for determining if particulate is combustible ( ) Hazard Identification added 3 options (Facility History, Published Data, or Testing Option) Performance-Based Design chapter present in all new generation NFPA Standards (Ch.)

6 6) Modeling / testing meets AHJ s satisfaction then you can do it! New Chapter 7 -DHA 5 year deadline for existing processes (652 = 3 year)Which Solution is the Customers Preference? Nothing Venting Ducted Venting (often not possible) Building Venting (low awareness) Suppression / flameless Venting Containment Inert Gas / Oxygen Reduction18 Most RequestedExplosion Venting191920 WHEN TO CONSIDER USING explosion trajectory and pressure wave can be safely released to is either Indoors but safely ducted through outside wall One hydraulic diameterTypes of explosion VentsFlat single Section VentsSingle Section ConstructionRound or RectangularCenter or Perimeter BurstLimited Vacuum ResistancePoor Cycle Resist.

7 (req. support)Sanitary Option300F 2000F with insulationStorage Systems with no operating pressure fluctuations21 Types of explosion VentsComposite VentsLayersSS/Teflon/SSRound or RectangularCenter burstLimited Vacuum to good Cycle Sanitary400F-1000F (with Ins.)High Temp ApplicationsHigh Vacuum (round)22 Types of explosion VentsRound / Rectangular Compound Domed VentSolid One-Piece DesignRound or RectangularPerimeter BurstGood Vacuum Resistance Full VaccumExcellent Cycle ResistanceSanitary300F-2000F (with Ins.)Good for all Applications23 Other Domed Vents Often Fails Under VacuumVent Mounting Frame Options10 September 24, 2015 Welded DesignBolted Design25 Magnetic Burst SensorMBS Sensor is designed for use in an intrinsically safe circuit and shall be used to shut down the process to end the supply of combustible material into a piece of equipment and to trigger an Isolation device1226 Lead Time & inventory Lead Time Stock Items Custom Items BS&B Inventory Management System (BIMS)

8 2727 Flameless Vents28 Flameless Vents29BS&B Systems IQR flameless Vent(Intercept, Quench, & Retain)BS&B Systems R-IQR flameless Vent(Rectangular)30 WHEN TO USE FLAMELESS trajectory is is Ducts would be too release the dust to shock of venting is at negative publicity of simple venting Flameless Vents Four Safety Functions of Flameless Vents Flame Arresting No flame escapes providing for safe operating environment. Reduces and/or Eliminates a secondary ignition Dust Retention Retains process dust after an event Pressure Absorption Reduces explosion pressure peak Temperature Control Absorbs flame front with negligible temperature & flameless Vent Facts Passive protection Relieves pressure Vent is sized according to strength of the vessel Opens prior to damaging integrity of the vessel NOT completely passive Yearly Inspection NFPA 68 Also requires isolation -NFPA 652 Can flameless Vents be Reused?

9 Only on pneumatic activations Vent needs replacing3334flameless Vent Efficiencies Rectangular Vents 64-85% Efficiency 135oVenting (face) ~15sq ft Surface Area Dust Hazard Zone 7ft / Personnel Vertical or Horizontal Installation Maximum of 500 Kst / Pmax Round Vents 95% Vent Efficiency 360oVenting (face) ~67sq ft Surface Area Dust Hazard Zone > 1ft / Personnel N/A Vertical or Horizontal Installation Maximum of 500 Kst / Pmax35R-IQR Rectangular Flameless Vent Configuration Vent installation opening also allows periodic inspection without removal of R-IQR from Benefits Both Models Extreme Level of protection 500 Kst / Pmax Both Models ATEX / EN Compliant R-IQR Trap Door for Inspections & Installation Burst Sensor to Trigger Isolation Device along with Shut-down Process36 Chemical Suppression & Isolation37 When to use Suppression?

10 Customer wants to avoid the full combustion process:-Unable to accept flame ball release-Unable to accept release of material (toxicity, cost, etc.) -Require fast clean up and restart of process without repair to the protected equipment be the most cost effective approach: -Typically more economic than multiple flameless vents -Allows combination with Isolation in a single with respect to a wide range of shapes and volumes requiring protection : -Compact Cannon construction, low mass -Ability t