THE EUROPEAN SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS Vol. 1: …

1 THE EUROPEAN SOLAR RADIATION ATLASVol. 1: Fundamentals and mapsK. Scharmer and J. GreifLes Presses de l cole des MinesParis, 2000 cole des Mines de Paris, 200060, Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75272 Paris cedex 06 FRANCEe-mail : : 2-911762-21-5D p t l gal : mars 2000 Achev d imprim en France en mars 2000 (Grou-Radenez, Paris)Tous droits de reproduction, de traduction, d adaptation et d ex cutionr sev s pour tous les pays THE SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS Contents 1 Contents V ESRA IN A NUTSHELL .. 3 1 The 3 2 Data Base .. 4 3 SOLAR Algorithms .. 5 4 Use of the Tool Box to assess SOLAR system performance .. 6 5 The CD-ROM .. 7 6 The ATLAS Book .. 7 1 INTRODUCTION .. 9 2 THE CONCEPT OF THE EUROPEAN SOLAR 11 Geographical area .. 11 The content.

2 11 Users of ESRA .. 14 3 BASICS OF SOLAR RADIATION .. 17 Introduction .. 17 The choice of fundamental observational data in relation to mapping possibilities .. 17 Time systems .. 19 The Julian day and the hour 20 Extraterrestrial RADIATION from the 21 THE SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS Contents 2 Geometry of SOLAR movements as seen from the 23 The sun-earth 23 Declination angle .. 24 The SOLAR altitude angle .. 25 SOLAR azimuth angle .. 26 Sunset hour angle and daylength .. 27 Relative daily sunshine duration .. 27 Angle of incidence .. 27 Choice of calculation times .. 28 The SOLAR RADIATION at the surface of the 28 User 30 Transmission of SOLAR RADIATION through the cloudless 31 Direct and diffuse irradiation .. 31 Relative optical air 31 The Linke turbidity factor.

3 32 Estimating the Rayleigh optical 33 Estimating clear sky diffuse irradiance .. 33 The clear sky global 34 Monthly mean daily global RADIATION and the monthly mean daily Clearness Index .. 34 Splitting the monthly mean daily global RADIATION into its beam and diffuse components .. 35 4 FROM SOLAR MEASUREMENTS TO THE SOLAR DATA BASE .. 37 Ground measuring techniques for SOLAR RADIATION components .. 37 Sunshine duration .. 37 Hemispherical SOLAR 38 Terrestrial RADIATION .. 40 SOLAR RADIATION data from satellite 40 Detection of errors within raw data .. 40 5 THE ESRA DATABASE .. 43 The reference period and the reference area .. 43 Ground measured and derived data .. 43 Satellite derived data .. 44 THE SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS Contents Sources of data.

4 44 Data 45 Maps of SOLAR RADIATION components .. 46 Zones of similar irradiation climates .. 47 Zones of similar biomass 47 Test, Design and Biomass Reference Years .. 48 6 THE ESRA SOFTWARE 49 (The EUROPEAN SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS , vol. 2 : database, models and exploitation software) Content of the CD-ROM .. 49 The map 50 Station 54 Sub-menus and examples .. 55 Further applications .. 62 7 63 The geographical are of the ATLAS .. 63 Ground based measuring stations .. 63 Global SOLAR irradiation (Ten year average).. 63 Diffuse SOLAR irradiation (Ten year average) .. 63 Direct (beam) SOLAR irradiation (Ten year average).. 63 Clearness index (Ten year average) .. 64 Zones of similar irradiation climates .. 64 Zones of similar biomass productivity 64 THE SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS Contents 4 65 67 ANNEX AND DEFINITIONS Introduction.

5 93 Basic concepts and General Rules .. 93 95 100 ANNEX OF STATIONS THE SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS - Acknowledgements 5 Acknowledgements The material provided for this publication came from many sources. The contributions of all organisa-tions and persons mentioned below were greatly appreciated by the authors and the editors. They are all gratefully acknowledged. Data on observed daily global and monthly sums of sunshine duration were put at disposal of the project from the World RADIATION Data Centre (WRDC), St. Petersburg (Russia). Additional important and necessary data of daily sums of sunshine duration were supplied by National Weather Services and scientific institutes of the following countries. Some of these institutions delivered data on daily global SOLAR RADIATION and/or diffuse SOLAR RADIATION as well.

6 This supporting data was greatly appreci-ated by the project participants and helped to bring the project into strong forces. National Weather Services and Institutes which supported the project are set down in alphabetic or-der. Austria Zentralanstalt f r Meteorologie und Geodynamik, Vienna Belgium Insitut Royal M t orologique de Belgique, Brussels Croatia Drzavni Hidrometeoroloski Zavod, Zagreb Cyprus Meteorological Service, Nicosia Czech Republic Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Praha and SOLAR and Ozone Observatory, Hradec Kralove Denmark Technical University of Denmark Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki Germany Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach GKSS Forschungszentrum, Geesthacht Zentrum f r Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung, Stuttgart Greece Hellenic National Meteorological Service, Athens Iceland Icelandic Meteorological Office, Reykjavik Ireland Meteorological Service, Dublin Italy Servizio Meteorologico dell Aeronautica Militare, Roma Jordan Meteorological Departement.

7 Amman Civil Airport, Amman Malta Meteorological Ofiice, Civil Aviation Departement, Luqa Netherlands Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt Norway University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute, Bergen Poland Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Warszawa Russia World RADIATION Data Centre, St. Petersburg Switzerland Schweizerische Meteorologische Anstalt, Z rich Sweden Sveriges Meteorologiska och Hydrologiska Insititut, Norrk ping Turkey Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara United Kingdom The Meteorological Office, Bracknell Satellite images from METEOSAT were supplied to the project by GKSS Research Centre in Geesthacht, Germany, by Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany and by NASA Langley Re-search Centre, USA. THE SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS - Acknowledgements 6 We also have to thank the Centre of SOLAR Energy and Hydrogen Research, Stuttgart, Germany and Alain de la Casini re, University Jacques Fourier, Grenoble, France for cooperation on spectral SOLAR irradiation data.

8 The origin of other meteorological parameters as daily maximum and minimum air temperatures and precipitation is a CD-ROM named Global Daily Summary published by the National Climate Data Centre, Asheville, , USA. Long-term monthly means of air temperature, vapour pressure, precipitation and atmosphere pressure were contributed from Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany. The Test Reference Years (TRY) are kindly supplied by: Royal Meteorological Service, Uccle, Belgium Meteorological Service, Dublin, Ireland Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest, Hungary Main Geophysical Observatory, St. Petersburg, Russia National Observatory of Athens, Inst. of Meteorology and Physic of the Atmospheric Environment, Athens, Greece German Weather Service, Offenbach, Germany.

9 For valuable help in establishing the Biomass Reference Years, we thank P. Vossen, Institute for Remote Sensing Applications, Agriculture Information Systems, Ispra, Italy Ghislain Gosse, INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Thiveral, France Digital information on elevation, water covered areas, coastlines and political borderlines are taken from topographical maps published by the National Centre of Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boul-der, Co., USA. THE SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS - ESRA in a nutshell 7 The EUROPEAN SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS (ESRA) in a nutshell 1 The ESRA-concept ESRA is a logical continuation of the EUROPEAN SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS of 1984. It covers a wider geo-graphical area and is backed with a data base that is considerably extended both in space and in time detail.

10 It takes full advantage of recent advances in information technology to present PC based maps and to provide an associated user friendly software package to enable users to develop their own spe-cific data systematically from the data base (see The EUROPEAN SOLAR RADIATION ATLAS , vol. 2 : database and exploitation software which consists of a CD-ROM with its guidebook. It is a working tool for engineers and architects, meteorologists and climatologists, agronomers and biologists, settlement-planners landscape designers teachers and students, journalists and politicians. The main features of ESRA can be summarised as follows: The geographical coverage ranges from 30 W to 70 E 29 N to 75 N. SOLAR RADIATION measurements and meteorological values which have served to build-up the radia-tion maps and the station time series range from 1981 1990.)