Evaluation of Soil Resistivity - ttoolboxes.com

1 Evaluation of soil ResistivityMeasurement TechniquesContract PR-262-0114 Prepared for theCorrosion and Inspection Technical CommitteeofPipeline Research Council International, by the following Research Agency:CORRENG Consulting Service , ON, CanadaAuthor:Robert G. Wakelin, Date:May 2006 Catalog No. L52127 Section 1 - .. WORK PLAN .. Work .. Trials .. of Data .. Product .. 1-3 Section 2 - AND Resistivity .. EARTH AS A CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY .. of Temperature .. of Water Content .. of Ionic Content.

2 Of Other Factors .. Resistivity MEASUREMENT .. of soil Resistivity Surveys .. Applications for soil Resistivity Surveys .. History of Resistivity Measurement Techniques .. Electrical Geophysical Measurements Unrelated to Resistivity .. Polarization (IP) .. Potential (SP) .. Applied Current Methods .. MEASUREMENT FOR PIPELINE CORROSION APPLICATIONS .. Resistance Calculations .. Risk Assessment .. Applications .. 2-16 Section 3 - Measurement .. METHODS .. Basis .. Arrays .. 3-5 Table of ContentsPage xiiEvaluation of soil Resistivity Measurement TechniquesTable of Arrays.

3 Of Reciprocity .. Array .. Array .. Array .. Array .. Array .. s Method of Partitioning .. Array .. Soundings .. of Current Penetration .. of soil Stratification .. of Investigation .. of Resistivity Soundings .. Resistivity Curves .. Matching - Two-Layer Soils .. Matching - Multi-Layer Soils .. Curve Matching - Multi-Layer Soils .. Modelling .. s Method .. Method .. Methods .. Methods .. of Lateral Variations on the Interpretation of Sounding Data .. Discussion of Interpretive Methods.

4 Profiling .. and Equipment .. Considerations .. Current Frequency .. Examples of Instruments .. Equipment .. Discussion of Galvanic Measurement Techniques .. Versus Schlumberger .. on Other Arrays .. (EM) METHODS .. Domain Techniques .. of soil Stratification .. of Results in Layered Soils .. Domain (TDEM) Method .. EM Methods .. Current (TC) and Magnetotelluric (MT) Methods .. Low Frequency (VLF) .. Wave Surface Impedance .. Magnetic Field (AFMAG) .. Frequency (RF) Method.

5 Methods (AEM) .. Coil/Fixed Frequency EMI Instruments .. Coil/Variable Frequency EMI Instruments .. Coil/Variable Frequency EMI Instruments .. Discussion of EM Techniques .. to Electromagnetic Interference .. to Structural Interference .. 3-72 PRCI Contract PR-262-0114 Page xiiiFinal Report - May to Coil Misalignment Errors .. of Response .. Observations .. Regarding Fixed Coil/Variable Frequency EMI Instruments .. METHODS .. Sample Retrieval and Resistivity Measurement ( soil Box) .. Rods.

6 Probe .. Well Logging .. METHODS .. Rod Resistance Tests .. Wire Resistance Tests .. 3-86 Section 4 - Test OF INSTRUMENTS AND TEST METHODS .. of Galvanic Instruments and Test Methods .. of Electromagnetic Instruments .. of Other Equipment and Methods .. OF TEST SITES .. of Primary Test Sites .. of Secondary Test Sites .. SET-UP AND PROCEDURES .. 4-19 Section 5 - Results of Field SOUNDING TECHNIQUES .. Methods .. Four-Pin Method .. Method .. Method .. Method .. Method .. Methods.

7 Coil/Variable Frequency Instrument .. Coil/Variable Frequency Instrument .. Methods .. Sampling .. Probe .. Methods .. PROFILING TECHNIQUES .. Methods .. Methods .. Coil/Fixed Frequency Instrument .. Coil/Variable Frequency Instrument .. Coil/Variable Frequency Instrument .. 5-41 Page xivEvaluation of soil Resistivity Measurement TechniquesTable of Methods .. (2D) IMAGING TECHNIQUES .. OF SOURCES OF ERROR .. of a Very-High Resistivity Surface Layer .. Methods .. Methods .. of Pin Depth.

8 Of Pin Alignment and Spacing Errors .. of Circuit Resistance .. of Lead Wires and Wire Reels .. of Structural Interference .. on Galvanic Methods .. on EM Methods .. of Electrical Interference .. AC Interference and DC Methods .. AC Interference and EM Methods .. from Electrical Storms on EM Methods .. OF DATA .. Matching .. of Asymptotes Method .. Method .. Modelling .. of Interpretive Methods .. 5-81 Section 6 - OF GALVANIC METHODS .. of Sounding Capabilities .. of Profiling Capabilities.

9 Of Galvanic Instrumentation .. of Interpretive Techniques .. Observations .. OF ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS .. OF DIRECT METHODS .. OF INDIRECT METHODS .. 6-8 Section 7 - RecommendationsReferencesAppendix A - Curve MatchingAppendix B - Data TablesPRCI Contract PR-262-0114 Page xvFinal Report - May 2006 List of of Resistivity .. soil and Rock Resistivities .. Resistivity vs. Temperature for Typical soil Samples .. Resistivity (Saturated with Distilled Water) vs. Chloride Ion Contentfor 400 soil Samples Obtained from Watermain Excavations in Ontario.

10 Resistivity Section at Concrete Bridge Pier .. Resistivity Section from Archaeological Survey .. Resistance (Normalized) vs. Electrode Length (Normalized)for Various Two-Layer soil Structures .. of Resistivity on Pitting Rates of Cast Iron when Coupled to Copper Piping .. of soil Resistivity and AC Voltage on the Probability of AC Corrosion .. 2-16on a Cathodically Protected Structure .. of Contact Resistance On Measurement of Large Resistance Using 2-Terminal Ohmmeter .. of Contact Resistance On Measurement of Small Resistance Using 2-Terminal Ohmmeter.