The Tankship Tromedy The Impending Disasters in …

1 The Tankship Tromedy The Impending Disasters in Tankers Second Edition (Section on inerting re-written 2010-01). (Section on early Class History re-written 2010-03). Jack Devanney Sisyphus Beach Tavernier, Florida 2006. ii c 2006, 2007 Jack Devanney Copyright Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the Gnu Free Documentation License (GFDL), Version or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invarient Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

2 A copy of the GFDL is available at Published by The CTX Press 212 Tarpon Street Tavernier, FL 33070. Publishers's Cataloging-in-Publication Data Devanney, Jack The Tankship Tromedy : the Impending Disasters in tankers / Jack De- vanney Tavernier, Fla : The CTX Press, 2006. p. : cm. ISBN: 0-9776479-0-0. ISBN 13: 978-0-9776479-0-3. 1. Tankers Design and Construction. 2. Tankers Casualties. 3. Tankers History. I. Devanney, Jack. II. Title 2005. dc22 2005938363. Printed in the United States of America 10 09 08 07 06 5 4 3 2 1. Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1.

3 A Bit Player in the Tromedy .. 1. Dedication .. 4. Blame the Crew .. 6. The CTX Casualty Database .. 8. 2 A Brief History of Tanker Regulation 9. The Rise of the Classification Society .. 9. Pre-World War I .. 15. World War I thru World War II .. 18. Flags of Convenience .. 22. Torrey Canyon and IMO .. 26. VLCC's and inerting .. 29. Boom, Bust, and the Argo Merchant .. 36. The Amoco Cadiz and Marpol/78 .. 38. The Exxon Valdez and Double Hull .. 45. Isoism and the Rise of the Hirelings .. 52. Kirki to Erika .. 56. Castor .. 69.

4 Prestige .. 74. Regulatory Summary .. 76. 3 The Nature of Tanker Spills 79. The Three Salient Features of Tanker Spills .. 79. Spill Causality .. 84. Hull Structural Failures .. 88. iii iv CONTENTS. Rules of the Road Screw-Ups .. 96. Machinery Failures .. 110. Conning/Navigation Errors .. 121. inerting /Purging/Hotwork .. 129. External Factors .. 134. Transfer Spills .. 138. A Digression: Groundings and Double Bottoms .. 147. Collisions and Double Sides .. 155. Spill Summary .. 162. 4 Category A Spills 165. Introduction .. 165.

5 The Grand, Christmas Eve Spill .. 167. Dribs and Drabs .. 171. Stern Tube Seal Leaks .. 174. Cargo Tank Bottom Pitting .. 176. Fatigue Cracking .. 180. Regulating Category A Spills .. 187. 5 Newbuilding Standards 191. The Direct Analysis Downratchet .. 191. Unreasonable Operating Restrictions: Lolling .. 197. Hidden Restrictions .. 199. Unfloodable Double Bottoms .. 201. Don't Allow. Don't Check .. 203. The Misuse of Finite Element Analysis .. 205. The Case of the Disappearing Swash Bulkheads .. 211. Calibration Factors .. 217.

6 Forebody and Aftbody .. 218. Welding .. 220. The Stern Tube Bearing Saga .. 223. Crankshaft Bearings and Bearing Girders .. 228. The 15% Rule .. 231. 6 The CTX Standard Tanker 233. The Basic Requirements of a Good Tanker .. 233. Egg Carton .. 237. Robust Structure .. 239. Inert All Double Hull Ballast Tanks .. 242. Twin Screw .. 248. CONTENTS v 7 How Should We Regulate Tankers? 261. The Importance of Transparency .. 261. What Won't Work .. 264. Port State Control .. 275. Regulation of Design and Construction .. 281. Final Points.

7 289. Glossary .. 292. A Tank Steel Protection 299. Introduction .. 299. Coating .. 300. Cathodic Protection .. 314. inerting .. 318. Summary .. 321. B Implementation of Twin Screw 323. C The Physics of Tank Spillage 327. Disclaimer .. 327. Hydrostatic Balance .. 329. Marpol versus Pre-Marpol .. 336. Live Bottom Seal .. 339. Side Damage and Exchange Flow .. 347. Ballasting Down: the Tamano Spill .. 351. The Right Response .. 355. Double Hull Bottom Damage .. 362. The Full Vacuum Tanker .. 367. D The Politics of Tank Spillage 381.

8 The Mid-Deck Tanker .. 381. The Defense of the Double Skin .. 386. Obligatory Warning Label .. 391. E The Joint Tanker Project 393. vi CONTENTS. List of Tables Results of Hellespont Embassy CAPS Surveys .. 46. Comparison of Segregated Ballast Tank Coated Areas .. 49. Typical Tanker Spill Size Density .. 80. Total annual spillage versus single biggest spill .. 81. Breakdown of CTX Casualties by Initial Event .. 86. Segregated Ballast Tank Casualties .. 92. Hull Structural Failure Spills .. 94. Maneuver Incidence .. 101. Rules Screw-up Spills.

9 108. Machinery Failure Spills .. 112. V-Plus Total Loss of Power Incidents, 2002-2004 .. 117. Lousy Navigation Casualties .. 124. Conning Error Spills .. 128. inerting /Purging/Hotwork Screw Ups .. 132. Casulaties due to External Factors .. 137. Transfer Spills .. 139. Lightering Spills .. 146. Double Bottom Spill Summary .. 150. Spills over 2000 liters in which double bottom might have helped153. Depth of Penetration in CTX Collisions .. 155. Collisions and Allisions in which ship survived .. 159. Cracks in Alaskan Trade Tankers.

10 184. IMO Effective Oil Spill Numbers .. 214. Known Sterntube bearing failures on Brand-new VLCC's .. 223. Reduction in Shaft Diameter, 1975-1999 .. 225. Deterioration in Main Shaft Couplings, 1975 to 2001 .. 231. vii viii LIST OF TABLES. CTX Cargo Tank Sub-division Standards .. 237. Frequency of Total Loss of Power .. 249. Twin Screw Spill Summary .. 251. Spills in which twin screw might have helped .. 252. Solar Reflectance .. 312. Increase in steel weight (tons) due to JTP Rules .. 393. List of Figures Gl . uckauf stranded on Fire Island.