GREENHOUSE GASES EMISSIONS FROM …

1 1 OECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 GREENHOUSE GASESEMISSIONS FROM ALUMINIUMPRODUCTION-INDUSTRY REDUCTION EFFORTS ANDTHE ROLE OF VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTSIN EMISSION REDUCTIONS By EIRIK NORDHEIM, EUROPEANALUMINIUM ASSOCIATIONOECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 Presentation Outline The aluminium industry and climate change Industry s response to the challenge The results to date Voluntary agreements Current industry actions Conclusions2 OECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 Life Cycle for AluminiumOECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 Primary aluminium is AmericaAsiaRussia/East EuropeEuropeLatin AmericaOceaniaAfricaPrimary Al production (Million tonnes)Total 2000 production = million tonnes3 OECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002&DWKRGH %ORFN0 ROWHQ $OXPLQLXPF eederGases$QRGH(OHFWURO\WH GHG from Primary aluminium ProductionTwo PFC (perfluorocarbon compounds - CF4 and C2F6) contribute about 48% of primary aluminium GHG emissionsAnode Carbon1,45-1,85 t CO2/t AlElectricity MWh/t AlPFC Emissions0,2 10,8 t of CO2eq/t AlGHGs from Primary aluminium ProductionOECD Workshop 2 Dec.)

2 2002 How to decrease GHG EMISSIONS ? Increase the recycling rate Increase the electrical conversion efficiency andreduce electricity consumption Reduce anode effects that produce PFCs Change the reduction technology to eliminatecarbon4 OECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 aluminium is not consumed but is usedthrough multiple product life cycles Cradle to next product Instead of cradle to grave aluminium maintains its value in recycling There is an in-use inventory of aluminiumproducts eventually to be recycled of 400 to 600million tonnesAluminium RecyclingIncrease recycling rateOECD Workshop 2 Dec. 20025 OECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 PFCs result from anode effects Anode effects result from temporary imbalancesin the raw material feed rate with aluminiumproduction rate The amount of PFCs produced from anodeeffects is a function of: Anode effect frequency Duration of anode effects Cell amperage Anode effect voltageUnderstanding PFC emissionsOECD Workshop 2 Dec.

3 2002 Understanding PFC EMISSIONS The specific PFC EMISSIONS (kg CF4/t Al)is primarily a function of anode effectminutes per cell day EMISSIONS per anode effect minutestrongly dependent on reductiontechnology6 OECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 GWP for CF4 = 6500 GWP for C2F6 = 9200570011900 Revised values proposedIn 3rd assessment reportGlobal Warming Potentials (GWP)OECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 Survey member companies on anode effect data Conduct workshops for benchmarking and goodpractices for reduction of anode effects Collaborate with national regulatory agencies, regionalaluminium associations and member companies indeveloping better PFC inventories Sponsor fundamental atmospheric research to betterunderstand how PFCs affect climate change Sponsor measurements of PFCs in historical airsamples to establish the relationship with aluminiumproductionInternational aluminium Institute (IAI)sponsored PFC initiatives7 OECD Workshop 2 Dec.

4 2002 IAI International aluminium Institute PERFLUOROCARBON EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMME1990-2000 Results Specific PFC EMISSIONS reduced by 60% Total PFC EMISSIONS reduced by 46%with primary aluminium up by 36% Benchmarking data provided comparing individual facility performance Still room for improvementIAI PFC Survey Report for 1990 2000 The resultsOECD Workshop 2 Dec. 20020%20%40%60%80%100%199019921994199619 982000 YearSp ecific PF C Em issio n s 100 year GWPs CF4 = 6,500 C2F6 = 9,200membercompaniesreducedspeSpecific EMISSIONS of PFCsThe results8 OECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 Current voluntary agreements Several types of agreements Vary from industry commitments, throughsigned agreements to negotiated agreementswith benefits and penalties Negotiated agreements also have third partyverification of emissionsOECD Workshop 2 Dec. 20022000/20051990 PFCUS2000/20101990 PFCUK20051990 PFC and CO2 Norway20001990 PFC and CO2 New Zealand20051990 PFCG ermany2000/-1990 PFC and CO2 France20071990 PFC and CO2 Canada20001994 PFC and CO2 Brazil20001995 PFCB ahrain2000/-1990 PFC and CO2 AustraliaEnd dateStart dateCoverageCountryCountries with voluntary agreements9 OECD Workshop 2 Dec.

5 2002 Targets for voluntary agreements GASES involved and targets vary from country tocountry Starting point and potential reduction dependson the state of the technology The achieved results also depends on change inproduction volumeOECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 PFC- 56- 45- 9 USPFC- 87- 89+ 5 UKGHG- 53- 50+ 18 NorwayPFC- 85- 50- 11 GermanyPFC- 73- 63+ 35 FranceGHG+7 Varies+ 52 CanadaGHG+20%+ 9%+ 43%AustraliaGasesAchievedRed TargetProductionCountryReductions in Annex I countries(2000)10 OECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 Reductions achieved The specific EMISSIONS have in all cases beenreduced Where total EMISSIONS targets have not beenachieved this is linked to production increasesOECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 Improve Quality of PFC Inventory Conduct annual surveys of member companies Working to increase coverage of survey Give member companies benchmark data to evaluateperformance Have developed global standards for inventorymethodology building on WBCSD protocols Working with IPCC to improve Tier 2 calculationcoefficients Moving member companies to Tier 3 reporting Working with USEPA to establish a standard PFCmeasurement protocol globallyCurrent IAI Actions11 OECD Workshop 2 Dec.

6 2002 Excellent Progress made by worldwidealuminium industry in reducing GREENHOUSE gasemissions Specific PFC EMISSIONS reduced by 50% over theperiod 1990 2000 by worldwide aluminiumindustry (60% by IAI member companies). Total PFC EMISSIONS reduced by 38% by worldwidealuminium industry (46% by IAI member companies)from 1990 to 2000 while primary productionincreased by 24%.ConclusionsOECD Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 Conclusions Voluntary programs have been effective inreducing PFC EMISSIONS . Further reductions in PFC EMISSIONS arepossible through adoption of best practices,technology improvements and increasedrecycling. IAI working to facilitate transfer of best practices toreduce the frequency of anode effects and to teachmeasurement techniques Workshop 2 Dec. 2002 Conclusions Future voluntary programs should be based on: Clearly defined targets and plants/ GASES included Penalties and benefits several models used Regular reporting and verification of results