Transcription of Challenges and solutions for Impedance measurements
1 Challenges and solutions for Impedance measurements Gustaaf Sutorius Application Engineer 1 2 Introduction & Objectives for today Challenges and solutions for Impedance measurements 3 Challenges and solutions for Impedance measurements Agenda Basics & measurement Methods 3. LCR Meters 4. Impedance Analyzers 5. Accessories/test-fixtures Network Analyzers E5061B VNA as Impedance Analyzer Documents + Q&A 4 Agenda Basics & measurement Methods 3. LCR Meters 4. Impedance Analyzers 5. Accessories/test-fixtures Network Analyzers E5061B VNA as Impedance Analyzer Documents + Q&A 5 Objectives Review Impedance measurement Methods LCR meter vs Impedance analyzer vs Network Analyzer Review E5061B Network Analyzer/ Impedance Analyzer.
2 It s also the test-fixture 6 Impedance measurement Applications Auto-balancing Bridge Transformer measurements Capacitor measurements Inductor measurements Resistor measurements Material measurements On-wafer C-V measurements Resonator measurements In-circuit tests MOS FET measurements Diode measurements Battery measurements RF I-V LCR Meters Impedance Analyzers (ZA) Wide Variety of Test Fixtures Cable measurements 7 solutions for Measuring Impedance 60 70 80 90 00 10 Low-Cost LCR Meter ZA RF ZA High-Performance LCR Meter Capacitance Meter RF LCR Meter 4270A E4991A 4291A/B E4980A E4982A 4294A 4263A/B 4284A/85A 4278A 4192A 4194A 4260A 4271A 4261A 4274A/75A 4262A 4272A/73A 4268A/88A E4981A 4286A 4287A 4191A 4276A/77A Installed Base of Legacy Products E4980AL 8 Agenda Basics & measurement Methods 3.
3 LCR Meters 4. Impedance Analyzers 5. Accessories/test-fixtures Network Analyzers E5061B VNA as Impedance Analyzer Documents + Q&A 9 Impedance Z = R + jX (rectangular-coord) Z = |Z| (polar form) R = |Z| cos X = |Z| sin |Z| = R2 + X2 Imaginary axis X R Real axis |Z| Z (R, X) = tan-1(X/R) Unit of Impedance : ohm ( ) Z: Total opposition a device or circuit offers to the flow of AC +j 10 Series and Parallel Combinations Real and imaginary components are connected in series Z = R + jX ( Impedance is easier to express) Y = G + jB (Admittance is easier) R jX G jB R jX ( Impedance is too complex) R + jX jRX = RX2 R2X + j Z = R2 + X2 R2 + X2 Real and imaginary components are connected in parallel Unit of admittance.
4 Siemens (S) conductance, G and the susceptance, B 11 Inductive and Capacitive Reactance L (Inductance) C (Capacitance) XL= 2 fL = L C XC = 2 fC 1 = 1 R jXL R -jXC Q = quality factor (a)Inductive vector on Impedance plane (b) Capacitive vector on Impedance plane XL R = -XC R = = tan Z jXL R Z -jXC R tan = D dissipation factor = 1 Q = : Angular frequency (= 2 f) 12 Parasitics No real components are purely resistive or reactive Capacitor Equivalent Circuit Every component is a combination of R, C and L elements The unwanted elements are called parasitics Unwanted R and L of leads Unwanted R and C of dielectric Intrinsic C 13 Series and Parallel Models High- Impedance Device (Small C, Large L; |Z| 10 k ) Capacitor Equivalent Circuit Series Model Parallel Model Rs Cs Rp Cp Low- Impedance Device (Large C, Small L.)
5 |Z| 10 ) 14 Equivalent circuit models of components 15 Relationship between Series and Parallel mode 16 Component Dependency Factors Test signal frequency Test signal level DC voltage and current bias Environment measurement conditions that determine the measured Impedance value Effects depend on component materials and manufacturing processes Four major factors: 17 X versus Test Signal Frequency |X| Frequency ( ) XL = L XC = 1 C Capacitor Resonant Frequency XC = XL L C 18 Impedance versus Frequency C 1 L fs |Z| Example Capacitor Resonance 19 C versus Test Signal Level AC Test Signal level (Vac) Low K Mid K High K C AC voltage dependency of ceramic SMD capacitors for various values of dielectric constant (K) Capacitance change due to AC voltage dependence of K value 20 C versus DC Voltage Bias Type I C0G or NPO (Low K) 0 Type II X7R,Y5V, or Z5U (High K)
6 DC bias voltage C DC bias voltage dependency of type I and II SMD capacitors Capacitance change due to DC voltage dependence of K value 21 L versus DC Current Bias L 0 DC bias current DC bias current dependency of cored inductors Inductance roll-off due to magnetic saturation of inductor core 22 C versus Temperature C 0 High K Mid K Temperature ( C) | 25 Temperature dependency of ceramic capacitors for different K values K: Dielectric Constant 23 Agenda Basics & measurement Methods 3. LCR Meters 4. Impedance Analyzers 5. Accessories/test-fixtures Network Analyzers E5061B VNA as Impedance Analyzer Documents + Q&A 24 (1) Auto-Balancing Bridge method V - + 2 V 1 DUT V2 = Z = V1 Ir = V1 Rr V2 HIGH LOW R r I r Virtual ground (driven at 0 V) I I = I r - Ir Rr - Signal Source measurement Principle 25 (2) RF I-V method Zx= = ( - 1) V R Vv I 2 Vi Vi Vv R/2 R DUT Voltage detection Current detection Test Head (High- Impedance type) Z x V I R R = 50 Signal Source measurement Principle As V = Vv Vi and I = 2Vi /R 26 (3)
7 Network Analysis method DUT Vr Vr VINC ZX - Z0 = = ZX + Z0 VINC ZX V Incident Signal Reflected Signal Directional Bridge or Coupler OSC V VINC Vr Zo: 50 or 75 measurement Principle 27 Summary of measurement Methods Method Frequency Range Impedance Range Terminal Connections # of Ports 1 m Z 100 M (10% acc) Z 20 k (10% acc) Z Z0 f 300 kHz 1 MHz f 3 GHz 20 f 110 MHz Network Analysis RF I-V Auto- Balancing Bridge 7 mm, N-type 7 mm 4-terminal pair, BNC N 1 1 1 Impedance ( ) Frequency (Hz) Network An. Auto-Balancing Bridge RF I-V 28 Network Analysis RF I-V measurement Method Agilent Product Frequency Range Auto-Balancing Bridge 4263B LCR Meter E4981A C Meter E4980A Precision LCR Meter 4285A Precision LCR Meter 4294A Precision Impedance Analyzer 100 Hz to 100 kHz spot 120 Hz/1 kHz/1 MHz spot 20 Hz to 2 MHz 75 kHz to 30 MHz 40 Hz to 110 MHz E4982A RF LCR Meter E4991A Impedance /Material Analyzer 1 MHz to 3 GHz 1 MHz to 3 GHz 5 Hz to 20 GHz ENA Series Vector Network Analyzers 300 kHz to THz PNA Series uW Vector Network Analyzers measurement Methods and Agilent products 29 Impedance measurement Methods and Instrument selection 1) Frequency 2) DUT Impedance 3) Required measurement accuracy 4)
8 Electrical test conditions 5) measurement parameters 6) Physical characteristics of DUT These determine the most suitable method These determine the proper instrument and test fixture 30 Agenda Basics & measurement Methods 3. LCR Meters 4. Impedance Analyzers 5. Accessories/test-fixtures Network Analyzers E5061B VNA as Impedance Analyzer Documents + Q&A 31 Historical Product Overview Over 40 Years Experience 60 70 80 90 00 10 Low-Cost LCR Meter ZA RF ZA High-Performance LCR Meter Capacitance Meter RF LCR Meter 4270A E4991A 4291A/B E4980A E4982A 4294A 4263A/B 4284A/85A 4278A 4192A 4194A 4260A 4271A 4261A 4274A/75A 4262A 4272A/73A 4268A/88A E4981A 4286A 4287A 4191A 4276A/77A ZA LCR Installed Base of Legacy Products E4980AL 32 Current Product Portfolio for Impedance 4294A Precision Impedance analyzer E4980A precision LCR meter 4263B LCR meter E5071C ENA network analyzer E4991A RF Impedance /material analyzer E4981A Capacitance meter LCR
9 Meter Impedance Analyzer Network Analyzer E4982A LCR meter E5061B ENA-L network analyzer E4980AL precision LCR meter 33 Product Overview LCR Meters & Impedance Analyzers & Network Analyzers LCR Meters & Impedance Analyzers Network Analyzers Specialized to measure LCR & Impedance High Impedance accuracy Wide Impedance measurement range Main target application: Capacitors, inductors, resonators Materials Semiconductor In-circuit (4294A w/42941A) Measure S-parameter, also can be used for Impedance measurement Higher Frequency range Main target application: Filters, Antennas DC-DC converters Amplifiers, Mixers 34 Product Overview LCR Meters & Impedance Analyzers Product Portfolio Main Usage R&D Lab General Purpose High Volume Manufacturing $10k Unit Price [$]
10 $20k $30k $40k $50k 4263B LCR meter 100 Hz 100 kHz E4981A Capacitance meter 120 Hz, 1 kHz, 1 MHz E4982A RF LCR meter 1 MHz 3 GHz 4339B High-R meter 4285A Precision LCR meter 75 kHz 30 MHz 4294A Precision Impedance analyzer 40 Hz 110 MHz E4991A RF Impedance /material analyzer 1 MHz 3 GHz + Wide Variety of Accessories ZA LCR E4980AL E4980A Precison LCR meter 20 Hz 300 kHz/500 kHz/1 MHz/2 MHz 35 LCR Meters 4294A precision Impedance analyzer E4991A RF Impedance /material analyzer LCR meter Impedance Analyzer Network Analyzer E5071C ENA network analyzer E5061B ENA-L network analyzer E4980A precision LCR meter 4263B LCR meter E4981A capacitance meter E4982A LCR meter 4339B high-R meter E4980AL precision LCR meter 36 LCR Meters What Is LCR & Impedance measurement ?
