STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT 2006 - tzdpg.or.tz

1 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT REPORT 2006 VICE PRESIDENT S OFFICE-DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENT ii Published by the Vice President s Office, Division of ENVIRONMENT , United Republic of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam 2006 Copyright 2006 Division of ENVIRONMENT , Vice President s Office, URT ISBN: 9987-8990- This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Vice President s Office would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. For further information, please contact: Division of ENVIRONMENT , Vice President s Office, P. O. Box 5380, Dar es Salaam.

2 TANZANIA. Phone : +255-22-2113983 Fax : +55-22-2125297 E-mail: or Cover Designer: Mwinjaka 1 TABLE OF CONTENTES ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .. 8 FOREWORD ..10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..11 INTRODUCTION ..12 CHAPTER ONE: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND INSTITUTIONAL ISSUES ..15 PART 1: INSTITUIONAL ISSUES ..15 Location and Administrative Boundaries ..15 Location ..15 Administrative Boundaries ..15 People and Population Dynamics ..15 People of Tanzania ..15 Population Dynamics ..16 Policies, Institutional and Legal Framework in Relation to Environmental Management 16 Policies ..16 Institutional and Legal Framework ..18 International Co-operation in PART II: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUES ..24 The STATE of the Economy ..24 National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ..24 Price Trends.

3 25 Balance of Payment ..26 Public Finance ..26 Domestic Revenue ..27 Foreign Grants and Loans ..27 Government National Debt ..28 Human Development ..29 CHAPTER 2: LAND AND TERRESTRIAL ISSUES ..31 PART I: LAND ISSUES ..31 General Land Use ..31 Household Characteristics ..31 Land Tenure System and Land Utilization ..33 Land Resources ..34 PART II: AGRICULTURE: ..35 2 Background information ..35 Agro-ecological zones ..36 Soils ..37 Crop Production ..39 Farm Management ..40 Irrigation System ..40 Input Use ..41 Crop marketing ..44 Farming, livestock keeping activities and their environmental implications ..45 PART III: FOREST RESOURCES ..46 Natural Forests and Products ..46 The status of natural forests ..49 Plantation Forests and Products.

4 50 Forest Products ..51 Importance of Forests/woodlands in the National Economy ..51 Threats to the ENVIRONMENT ..51 PART IV: WILDLIFE RESOURCES ..52 Habitats ..52 Species Diversity ..54 Protection Status ..55 Utilization and Conservation ..56 PART V: Range lands and Carrying capacity ..57 Land suitability and land management ..62 PART VI: HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE: ..63 Cultural Heritage ..63 CHAPTER 3: AQUATIC RESOURCES ..68 PART 1: FRESH WATER RESOURCES ..68 An Overview of Existing Water Uses ..68 Inter-Sectoral Considerations on Water Use ..68 Water Resources Management ..68 Water Resources Assessment ..69 Fresh water resources availability ..70 Surface Water Resources ..70 Water Resources Monitoring ..70 Ground water resources.

5 71 Water resources General Use and Demand ..71 Water quality and pollution ..75 Surface Water Quality ..75 Ground Water Quality ..77 Water Quality Standards ..78 3 Water Quality Monitoring Programme ..78 Rain water harvesting ..78 PART II: COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES AND ECOSYSTEMS ..80 Geography of setting ..80 Physical characteristics ..81 Geology and Soils ..81 Hydrology ..82 Currents and Tidal Regime ..82 Sea surface temperature ..82 Salinity ..83 Coastal Ecosystem, Resources and Their Utilization ..83 Coral Reefs ..83 Mangrove Forests ..83 Fish Resources ..84 Marine Mammals ..85 Sea Turtles ..85 Sea grass ..85 Plankton ..86 Economic Opportunities for the Coastal and Marine ENVIRONMENT ..87 Fisheries ..87 Mariculture ..88 Coastal Tourism.

6 89 Extraction of Minerals and Energy Resources ..90 Threats on Coastal and Marine Resources and Ecosystem ..91 Decline of Marine and Coastal Living Resources ..91 Loss of Coastal and Marine Habitats and Biodiversity ..91 Management of the Coastal and Marine ENVIRONMENT ..93 Traditional Management Systems ..93 Policies and Legislation ..94 Coastal Management Plans/ Tanga Coastal Zone Conservation and Development Programme ..94 Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership (TCMP) ..95 The Marine and Coastal ENVIRONMENT Management Project (MACEMP) ..95 Kinondoni Coastal Area Management Programme (KICAMP) ..95 Marine Protected Areas and Reserves ..95 PART III: WETLANDS RESOURCES ..96 Introduction ..96 Status of wetlands ..97 Classification of wetlands..98 Compliance with the Ramsar Convention.

7 99 Current Uses and Threats of Wetlands ..99 Water supply for domestic and industrial use ..99 Agricultural and Irrigation ..99 Livestock ..100 Conservation of ecosystem, biodiversity and tourism ..100 Fishing ..100 4 Power Production ..100 Threats to wetlands ..100 Current status of policies, strategies and other initiatives..101 CHAPTER IV: URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ..102 PART I: MINERAL RESOURCES AND MINING AND ENVIRONMENT ..102 Background ..102 Mineral Rights ..102 Impacts of Mining Industry on ENVIRONMENT ..103 Large Scale Mining Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining ..106 Illegal Mining Activities ..107 PART II: URBAN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS ..109 National Overview and Context ..109 Links of Urbanization to Economy.

8 112 Urban Poverty ..113 Urban Poverty and ENVIRONMENT ..114 Urban Governance ..115 Urban Management Deficits ..115 Initiatives and Priorities ..117 Priorities ..117 Initiatives ..118 Way Forward ..119 Improving the Governance of Urban Settlements ..119 Adopting the Environmental Planning and Management (EPM) Process ..120 PART III: ENERGY SECTOR AND THE ENVIRONMENT ..121 Energy resources ..121 Energy Balance ..121 Energy Sources ..122 .. Challenges related to promotion of environmentally and socially sound Energy Technologies ..127 PART IV: POLLUTION SOURCES ..128 Costs of water pollution to the National Economy ..132 Research ..132 Initiatives ..132 Way Air and Noise Pollution ..133 Air Pollution ..133 Noise Pollution ..133 Research ..134 Policy and Institution Initiatives.

9 134 Way Pollution from transport activities ..134 5 Automobile Air Pollution ..134 Noise and vibration pollution from traffic and construction machinery ..135 Aircraft Noise Pollution ..135 Water pollution ..135 Policy and Institution Initiatives ..135 Climate Change ..136 Initiatives ..136 Way Waste Management ..137 Industrial Wastes ..137 Municipal Wastes ..138 Health care waste ..139 Plastic wastes ..139 Agricultural wastes ..140 Other Research and Development ..141 Policy and Institution Initiatives ..141 Way Recycling and Resource Recovery ..141 Recycling of Solid Wastes ..141 Resource Recovery from Solid Wastes ..142 Way Public Health Problems Related to Sanitation and Pollution ..142 Policy and Programme Initiatives.

10 143 Natural Disasters ..144 Policy and Institution Initiatives ..144 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION .. 145 BIBLIOGRAPHY .. 150 APPENDICES .. 157 6 LIST OF TABLES Table : Contribution of Natural Resources to National GDP (percentage) ..24 Table : Distribution of Land Cover in Tanzania Mainland ..31 Table : Food Crops Production 2004 and 2005 (tons 000) ..39 Table : Cash Crops production 2004 and 2005 (Tons 000) ..39 Table : Typical Rain-fed and Irrigated Paddy Yields in Tanzania ..41 Table : Distribution of Forest and Woodland Resources ..47 Table : Categories of Protected Areas under Wildlife Conservation ..53 Table : National parks (NPs) and Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) ..53 Table : Game Reserves (Mainland) ..54 Table : Endemic Species in Costal Forests ..55 Table : Wildlife Protection and Management Institutions in Tanzania.