Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime and Terrorism

1 Nations Hospitable TO Organized Crime AND Terrorism A report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the United States Government October 2003 Authors: LaVerle Berry Glenn E. Curtis John N.

2 Gibbs Rex A. Hudson Tara Karacan Nina Kollars Ram n Mir Project Manager: Glenn E. Curtis Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, 20540 4840 Tel: 202 707 3900 Fax: 202 707 3920 E-Mail: Homepage.

3 P 55 Years of Service to the Federal Government p 1948 2003 Library of Congress Federal Research Division Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime & Terrorism - i -PREFACE This report assesses conditions that contribute to or are potentially Hospitable to transnational criminal activity and terrorist activity in selected regions of the world during the period 1999-2002. Although the focus of the report is on transnational activity, domestic criminal activity is recognized as a key foundation for transnational Crime , especially as the forces of globalization intensify.

4 The report has been arranged geographically into the following major headings: Africa, the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, and the Western Hemisphere. Within the geographical headings, the report addresses individual countries with particularly salient conditions. Cases such as the Triborder Area (TBA) of South America and East and West Africa, where conditions largely overlap national borders, have been treated as regions rather than by imposing an artificial delineation by country.

5 The bibliography has been divided into the same geographical headings as the text. The major sources for this report are recent periodical reports from Western and regional sources, Internet sites offering credible recent information, selected recent monographs, and personal communications with regional experts. Treatment of individual countries varies according to the extent and seriousness of conditions under study. Thus some countries in a region are not discussed, and others are discussed only from the perspective of one or two pertinent activities or conditions.

6 Because they border the United States, Canada and Mexico have received especially extensive treatment. Library of Congress Federal Research Division Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime & Terrorism - iii -TABLE OF CONTENTS i INTRODUCTION .. 1 2 LaVerle Berry and Glenn E. Curtis 2 North 4 4 Egypt .. 5 6 Sub-Saharan 9 Eastern 9 Contributing Factors .. 9 Arms Trafficking .. 12 Narcotics Trafficking .. 14 Trafficking in Humans .. 16 Corruption .. 17 Money 17 Terrorist Activity .. 18 Southern 19 Mozambique.

7 20 South 22 Western Africa .. 27 27 Narcotics Trafficking .. 27 Human 28 Arms Trafficking .. 30 The Liberia Problem .. 31 FORMER SOVIET UNION AND EASTERN 32 Glenn E. Curtis 32 Albania .. 33 Former Warsaw Pact European 36 Bulgaria .. 37 The Czech 42 Hungary .. 43 44 45 46 Nations of the Former Soviet 47 The Baltic States .. 47 48 Library of Congress Federal Research Division Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime & Terrorism - iv -Latvia .. 49 Lithuania .. 53 54 The Caucasus Republics.

8 56 57 58 59 The Central Asian Republics .. 60 61 62 64 Turkmenistan .. 65 66 Moldova .. 66 68 Ukraine .. 73 The Former Yugoslavia .. 77 Bosnia and 78 80 82 84 Serbia and 86 Conclusion .. 88 SOUTH 89 Tara Karacan 89 91 Role of 91 Arms Availability and Insurgent 92 India .. 93 Destabilizing 94 Regional Insurgencies and 94 Organized 96 99 Government-Sanctioned Sectarian 100 100 101 Terrorism and Destabilization 102 Trafficking 104 Sri 105 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

9 106 Organized Crime 106 SOUTHEAST 107 Nina Kollars Library of Congress Federal Research Division Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime & Terrorism - v 108 Terrorist 108 Contributing 109 Transnational 111 112 Terrorist 112 Transnational 113 113 Terrorist 114 Transnational 115 Contributing 117 Thailand .. 118 Transnational 118 Terrorist 122 Singapore .. 122 WESTERN EUROPE AND TURKEY .. 123 Tara Karacan Introduction: Conditions in Western 123 126 Cyprus and 128 130 131 Great 132 Greece.

10 134 Italy .. 137 The 139 Spain .. 140 142 Conclusion .. 144 WESTERN 144 145 John N. Gibbs 145 Contributing 146 Terrorist 149 Transnational Criminal 149 Recent 152 154 155 Rex Hudson 155 Contributing 155 Geographical Factors .. 155 Institutional Factors .. 156 Library of Congress Federal Research Division Nations Hospitable to Organized Crime & Terrorism - vi -Economic 157 158 Paramilitary 159 Transnational Narcotics 160 Non-Indigenous Organized 161 Terrorist 162 163 Mexico.