WORLD CHRISTIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA

1 WORLDCHRISTIANENCYCLOPEDIAA comparative survey of churches andreligions in the modern worldSECOND EDITIOND avid B. BarrettGeorge T. KurianTodd M. JohnsonVolume 1:The WORLD by countries:religionists, churches, ministries120011 Oxford New YorkAthensAucklandBangkokBogot Buenos AiresCalcuttaCape TownChennaiDar es SalaamDelhiFlorenceHong KongIstanbulKarachiKuala LumpurMadridMelbourneMexico CityMumbaiNairobiParisS o PauloShanghaiSingapore TaipeiTokyoTorontoWarsawand associated companies inBerlinIbadanCopyright 2001 by David B. BarrettPublished by Oxford University Press, Inc.,198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York is a registered trademark of Oxford University PressAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,without the prior permission of Oxford University of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataWorld CHRISTIAN ENCYCLOPEDIA : a comparative survey of churchesand religions in the modern WORLD / David B.

2 Barrett,George T. Kurian, Todd M. Johnson. 2nd bibliographical references and Christianity. 2. CHRISTIAN sects. 3. Ecclesiastical geography. 4. Christianity Barrett, David B. II. Kurian, George Thomas. III. Johnson, Todd .W672000230 .003 dc2199-057323 ISBN 0-19-507963-9 (set)ISBN 0-19-510318-1 (vol. 1)ISBN 0-19-510319-X (vol. 2)135798642 Printed in the United States of Americaon acid-free paperSECULAR DATA, AD 2000 STATEO fficial name:Kuzey Kibris T rk Cumhuriyeti (The Turkish Republicof Northern name:Northern Cyprus. Adjective of :White with a red crescent and star in the center, lined by two redhorizontal stripes, on top and at the :3,335 sq. km. (1,288 sq. mi.).Government:Republic, since 1974 (1925 British crown colony, 1960 Independence).Legislature:Legislative Assembly, 50 unit:1 Cyprus pound = 100 cents. US$1= cities:LEFKOSE (Levkosia-2, Nicosia-2) 42, divisions:1 :185, km.)

3 ( mi.).Under 15 years:43, rate (births , deaths ).Mortality: Infant, per 1,000 , ; Maternal per 100,000 expectancy:78 (male 76, female 81).Household Floor area per person, languages:Turkish, Urban growth rate force:40%.ETHNOLINGUISTIC Turkish Cypriot; Greek Cypriot; income per person:US$12,402; per family:US$37, literacy:85% (male 87%, female 83%). :2. School enrolment:female/male: 90%/90%.HEALTHA ccess to health services:70%.Access to safe water:100%.Hospitals:25 (15 beds per 10,000). :150. Deaf:11,100. Murder rate:20. Lepers:500. LITERATURENew book titles :19 (100 per million). :0 (per 1,000 people)Phones:350 (25% mobile). Radios:220. TV newspaper circulation:90. LIFE AND LIBERTY (optimum condition= ) CYPRUSC ountry Cyprus is the northern37% of the island of Cyprus in the MediterraneanSea south of Turkey.

4 Its principal exports are fruits LIFE AND LIBERTYH uman rights and Republic ofNorthern Cyprus is a puppet state created by Turkeyafter the Turkish invasion of the island in 1974. Theillegal state has not been recognized by any govern-ment other than Turkey. The republic has the dis-tinction of being one of the most heinous violators ofhuman rights in the WORLD , committing all kinds ofatrocities against the Greek Cypriots, including con-fiscation of property, rape, murder, pillage and plun-der of artistic treasures, destruction of churches, ar-rest and detention without cause and torture. Therepublic is run arbitrarily by Turks who also havelooted the public treasury. Because no other nation inthe WORLD trades with this state, its economy is in ru-ins. The UN has been present since 1964 as a peacekeeping presence. CHRISTIAN presence has nearly Mesaoria is a broad plainthat runs east to west on the island and opens to thesea at either end.

5 This was once rich with forestswhose timber was the prize of ancient conquerorsfor sailing vessels. Centuries-long deforestation hasdamaged the islands drainage system and its yearround water supply access. In the summer all of theisland s rivers are dry. Dams and waterways are be-ing constructed to bring water to farming areas. NON- CHRISTIAN RELIGIONSI slamis dominant. Virtually the entire Turkishpopulation is Islamic, consisting of nearly 90% of thepopulation of TRNC. Most of its adherents are Sunnisof the Hanafi sect. The few Shias belong for the mostpart to dervish orders, mainly the Ticani, Mevlevi, andBektasi. The office of the Evkaf serves the religiousneeds of the Muslims of the republic. Muslim influ-ence was birthed from the Ottoman Empire reign ofthe island from CHURCH. The apostles Paul andBarnabas visited Salamis, Barnabas birthplace, inAD 46, and Barnabas later became the first bishop ofCyprus.

6 In 441 the third ecumenical council ofEphesus discussed the separation of the Church ofCyprus from the Church of Antioch, and during thereign of the eastern emperor Zeno (474-491) theCypriot church received autocephalous status alongwith the patriarchates of Antioch, Jerusalem,Alexandria, and Constantinople. From the 8th to the10th centuries, Cyprus was subjected to a series ofArab raids, after which a considerable number ofmonasteries were built. In 1054, the schism betweenthe Eastern and Western churches became a reality. Atthe invitation of the Latin king Gui de Lusignan, theinitial immigration of Maronites from Lebanon toCyprus occurred during the Crusades at the end ofthe 12th century. Their number ultimately reached80,000 divided into 60 villages. The Maronite arch-diocese of Cyprus was founded in 1352.

7 From the12th to the 15th centuries Cyprus was ruled by fol-lowers of the Latin rite, the Franks and then theGenoese, who placed a Latin hierarchy over both theLatin and Orthodox churches. When Venice gainedcontrol of Cyprus in 1489, it relaxed many of the for-mer restrictions on the Eastern church, but antago-nism between the 2 churches continued. Many Gothicchurches and cathedrals were built during this periodof domination by the Latin church. When the Turksinvaded the island in 1572, they restored theOrthodox church to its former position in recognitionof its help in the war against Venice. The Latin churchwas banished. The Maronites were also persecutedbecause of their alliances with the Lusignan dynastyand later the Venetians. Some returned to Lebanon, in-cluding the Maronite bishop, while other convertedto the Orthodox church or Islam.

8 Only a small mi-nority of Maronites remained in Cyprus. Franciscans,who had first come to Cyprus in 1226 during the life-time of Francis of Assisi, were later given permis-sion to re-establish the Latin rite at Nicosia andLarnaca. Through the Muslim policy of using the re-ligious leader of a conquered people as their politicalleader, the archbishop (ethnarch) of the Orthodoxchurch increased in power, being given responsibil-ity for collecting taxes and maintaining law and or-der. By the beginning of the 19th century both Greeksand Turks were restive under this growing domina-tion, and in 1821 following the Greek war of inde-pendence the ethnarch and several of his closest col-laborators were executed. In 1878 Cyprus came underBritish influence, formal annexation following in1914. Agitation for union with Greece (enosis) grad-ually increased among the Greeks under British rule,with church leaders playing an active part; and in1956 the ethnarch, archbishop Makarios, was ban-ished from the island.

9 He was later allowed to returnand was elected president in 1959. Formal indepen-dence was declared in August CHURCHES. Four CHRISTIAN groups arepresent in the TRNC serving the community. Theyare the Anglican church of St Andrew in Kyrenia, theRoman Catholic Church also in Kyrenia, the MaroniteChurch of Ayios Georgios in Korucam, and the GreekOrthodox Church at Dipkarpaz The Holy See has no diplomatic relations withNorthern Cyprus in AD today predominatelyMuslim, Northern Cyprus has a long and significanthistory of missionary sending. Missionaries were sentout from Northern Cyprus for many centuries, in-terrupted by the Turkish invasion in 1572. Though theOrthodox church sent some missionaries after thistime, relatively few have been sent out in the 20th cen-tury, virtually stopping completely with declared in-dependence in AND STATEA rticle 23 of the Constitution of the Turkish Republicof Northern Cyprus states in section one that all havethe freedom of conscience, religious faith, and opin-ion.

10 This guarantees everyone in TRNC the right ofreligious freedom without interference from the 4 states that religious education and teachingis to be carried out by the supervision and control ofthe State. Islam is the recognized religion of the TRNCand Turkish Cypriots have joined the IslamicConference Organization. While freedom of religionis stated, no open CHRISTIAN activity is CYPRUS561 COLUMNS, meanings and definitions, see Codebook (Part 3). Note that, bydefinition, total Christians = professing + cr ypto-Christians, whichalso = affiliated + unaffiliated Christians, and also = GreatCommission Christians + latent Christians. Percentages may notalways total exactly, due to ON RELIGIONMUSLIMS. Almost all Hanafi Sunnis, with a ver y few Mainly Greek merchants and their ,050 ,790 ,270 ,179-561, ,190 ,496 ,900 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Commission , , , , , , , , , , A (unevangelized persons)48,950 ,727 ,968 ,010-363 ,060 ,400 ,532 B (evangelized non-Christians)2, ,651 ,032 , ,080 ,198 ,968 C (Christians) , , , , , s population51,150 ,589 ,000 ,30501, ,000 ,000 ,000 y Table adherents in Northern Cyprus, AD change, 1990-2000mid-1995mid-2000mid-2025 NameAdherents%Adherents%Adherents%Natura l ConversionTotal RateAdherents%Adherents%Adherents%Great Commission Instrument Panel.