The Baltic Sea: An Introduction - Coastal and Estuarine ...

1 Estuarine Research Federation E-ReFsan online guide to Estuarine research ( ) The Baltic Sea: An IntroductionRagnar ElmgrenStockholm University Department of Systems EcologySummary:Anon. 1994. Special issue on fish and fisheries in the Baltic . Dana 10:1-234 Gren, , Turner, K. and Wulff, F. 2000. Managing a Sea. The Ecological Economics of the Baltic . EarthscanPublications, London. 138 1996. Third periodic assessment of the state of the marine environment of the Baltic Sea, Commission. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings , , Velner, H. 1995.

2 The Baltic : Sea of Surprises. In: Gunderson LH, Holling CS, Light SS (Eds)Barriers and bridges to the renewal of ecosystems and institutions. Columbia University Press, New York,pp , B-O. and K. Dahlberg. 1999. The environmental status of the Baltic Sea in the 1940s, today and in thefuture. Ambio 28 lkki, P. 1985. Physical features of the Baltic Sea. Finnish Marine Research 252:1-110 Nixon, (Ed). 1990. Ambio Special Issue: Marine Eutrophication. Ambio 19 (3), 101-176 Rodhe, J. 1998. The Baltic and North Seas: A process-oriented review of the physical oceanography.

3 Coastalsegment (20,S). In: Robinson, and Brink, (eds). The Sea, Vol 11:699-732 Voipio, A. (ed.) 1981. The Baltic Sea. Elsevier, AmsterdamWallentinus, I. 1991. The Baltic Sea gradient. In: Mathieson, and Nienhuis, P. H. (eds). Intertidal and littoralecosystems. Ecosystems of the world 24. Elsevier. Amsterdam. , F., Rahm, and Larsson, P. 2001. A systems analysis of the Baltic Sea. Springer Verlag, :Cederwall, H., and Elmgren, R. 1980. Biomass increase of benthic macrofauna demonstrates eutrophication of theBaltic Sea. Ophelia Suppl. 1, , Trophic dynamics in the enclosed, brackish Baltic Sea.

4 Rapp P-v R un. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer183, 152-169 Elmgren, R. 1989. Man's impact on the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea: Energy flows today and at the turn of thecentury. Ambio 18, 326-332 Fonselius, 1969. Hydrography of the Baltic deep basins. III. Fishery Board of Sweden, Ser. Hydrogr. 23, , 1978. On nutrients and their role as production limiting factors in the Baltic . Acta hydrochimica etHydrobiologica 6, , 1972. Ecosystem approach to the Baltic problem. Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm. NFR. 16:1-82 Jensen, S., Johnels, , Olsson, M., and G. Otterlind. 1969. DDT and PCB in marine animals from Swedishwaters.

5 Nature 224, , N., Kautsky, H., Kautsky, U., and Waern, M. 1986. Decreased depth penetration of Fucus vesiculosus the 1940s indicates eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28, 1-8 Larsson, U., and Hagstr m, . 1982. Fractionated phytoplankton primary production, exudate release and bacterialproduction in a Baltic eutrophication gradient. Mar Biol. 67, 57-70 Larsson, U., Elmgren, R., and Wulff, F. 1985. Eutrophication and the Baltic Sea: causes and consequences. Ambio14, , . 1979. Blue-green algal blooms and N:P ratios in the Baltic Sea.

6 Acta Bot. Fenn. 110, , A., and Schlieper, C. 1971. Biology of Brackish Water. Die Binnengew sser 25, 1-372R nn, C. Bonsdorff, E., and Nelson, WG. 1988. Predation as a mechaniosm of interference within infauna inshallow brackish water soft bottoms experiments with an infauna preadtor, Nereis diversicolor, ller. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 116 nner, U. 1985. Nitrogen transformations in the Baltic proper: denitrification counteracts eutrophication. Ambio19, 102-108 Segerstr le, 1957. Baltic Sea. Memoirs of the Geological Society of America 67, , A. 1983. A model for the exchange of salt and water between the Baltic and the Skagerrak.

7 J. 13, 411-427 Stigebrandt, A., and Wulff, F. 1987. A model for the dynamics of nutrients and oxygen in the Baltic proper. J. 45, 729-759 Wallentinus, I. 1984. Comparisons of nutrient uptake rates for Baltic macroalgae with different thallusmorphologies. Mar. Biol. 80:215-225 Winterhalter, B. 1972. On the geology of the Bothnian Sea, an epeiric sea that has undergone Pleistocene Surv. Finland. 258, , F., Stigebrandt, A. 1989. A time-dependent budget model for nutrients in the Baltic Sea. Global 3, 63-78 Recent:Bianchi, , Westman, P., Rolff, C., Engelhaupt, E.

8 , Andr n, T., and Elmgren, R. 2000. Cyanobacterial blooms inthe Baltic Sea: Natural or human-induced? Limnol. Oceanog. 45, 716-726 Bignert, A., Olsson, M., Persson, W., Jensen, S., Zakrisson, S., Litz n, K., Eriksson, U., H ggberg, L., and Alsberg,T. 1998. Temporal trends of organochlorines in Northern Europe, 1967-1995. Relation to globalfractionation, leakage from sediments and international measures. Environmental Pollution 99, 177-198 Blomkvist, G., Roos, A. Jensen, S., Bignert, A. and Olsson, M. 1993. Concentrations of SDDT and PCB in sealsfrom Swedish and Scottish waters.

9 Ambio 21 , E., Blomqvist, , Mattila, J., and Norkko, A. 1997. Coastal eutrophication: causes, consequences andperspectives in the archipelago areas of the Northern Baltic Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 44 (Suppl. A), , D., N f, C., Rolff, C., and Zeb hr, Y. 1991. Occurrence and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mixed surface layer of remotecoastal and offshore waters of the Baltic . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 25:1850-1864 Heiskanen, and Kononen, K. 1994. Sedimentaltion of vernal and late summer phytoplankton communities inthe Coastal Baltic Sea.

10 Arch. Hydrobiol. 131:175-198 Kautsky, H., Kautsky, L., Kautsky, N., Kautsky, U., and Lindblad, C. 1992. Studies on the Fucus vesiculosuscommunity in the Baltic Sea. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 78:33-48 Kivi, K. Kaitala, S., Kuosa, H., Kuparinen, J., Leskinen, E., Lignell, R., Marcussen, B., and Tamminen, T. limitation and grazing conmtrol of the Baltic plankton community during annual Oceanog. 38:893-905 Kuparinen, J., Leonardsson, K., Mattila, J., and Wikner, J. 1996. Food web structure and function in the Gulf ofBothnia, Baltic Sea. Ambio Spec. Rep. 8, , C.