Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of ...

1 CA Cancer J CLIN 2018;0:1 31. Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries Freddie Bray, BSc, MSc, PhD1; Jacques Ferlay, ME2; Isabelle Soerjomataram, MD, MSc, PhD3;. Rebecca L. Siegel, MPH4; Lindsey A. Torre, MSPH5; Ahmedin Jemal, PhD, DVM6. 1. Head, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer , Abstract: This article provides a status report on the Global burden of Lyon, France; 2 Informatics Officer, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Cancer worldwide using the GLOBOCAN 2018 Estimates of Cancer incidence and Research on Cancer , Lyon, France; 3 Deputy Head, mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer , with a Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer , Lyon, France.

2 Focus on geographic variability across 20 world regions. There will be an esti- 4. Scientific Director, Surveillance and Health mated million new Cancer cases ( million excluding nonmelanoma skin Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA; 5 Scientist, Surveillance and Cancer ) and million Cancer deaths ( million excluding nonmelanoma skin Health Services Research, American Cancer Cancer ) in 2018. In both sexes combined, lung Cancer is the most commonly diag- Society, Atlanta, GA; 6 Scientific Vice President, Surveillance and Health Services Research, nosed Cancer ( of the total cases) and the leading cause of Cancer death American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA.

3 ( of the total Cancer deaths), closely followed by female breast Cancer Corresponding author: Freddie Bray, BSc, MSc, PhD, Section of Cancer Surveillance, International ( ), prostate Cancer ( ), and colorectal Cancer ( ) for incidence and Agency for Research on Cancer , 150, cours Albert colorectal Cancer ( ), stomach Cancer ( ), and liver Cancer ( ) for mor- Thomas, F-69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France;. tality. Lung Cancer is the most frequent Cancer and the leading cause of Cancer death among males, followed by prostate and colorectal Cancer (for incidence). DISCLOSURES: Lindsey A.

4 Torre, Ahmedin Jemal, and Rebecca L. Siegel are employed by the and liver and stomach Cancer (for mortality). Among females, breast Cancer is the American Cancer Society, which received a grant most commonly diagnosed Cancer and the leading cause of Cancer death, fol- from Merck Inc for intramural research outside the submitted work; however, their salaries are solely lowed by colorectal and lung Cancer (for incidence), and vice versa (for mortality);. funded through American Cancer Society funds. The remaining authors report no conflicts of cervical Cancer ranks fourth for both incidence and mortality.

5 The most frequently interest. diagnosed Cancer and the leading cause of Cancer death, however, substantially doi: Available online at vary across countries and within each county depending on the degree of eco- nomic development and associated social and life style factors. It is noteworthy that high-quality Cancer registry data, the basis for planning and implementing evidence-based Cancer control programs, are not available in most low- and mid- dle income countries. The Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development is an international partnership that supports better estimation, as well as the collec- tion and use of local data, to prioritize and evaluate national Cancer control ef- forts.

6 CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 2018;0:1-31. 2018 American Cancer Society Keywords: Cancer , epidemiology, incidence, survival Introduction Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now responsible for the majority of Global deaths,1 and Cancer is expected to rank as the leading cause of death and the single most important barrier to increasing life expectancy in every country of the world in the 21st century. According to Estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2015, Cancer is the first or second leading cause of death before age 70 years in 91 of 172 countries, and it ranks third or fourth in an additional 22.

7 Countries (Fig. 1). VOLUME 00 | NUMBER 00 | MONTH 2018 1. Global Cancer Statistics 2018. FIGURE 1. Global Map Presenting the National Ranking of Cancer as a Cause of Death at Ages Below 70 Years in 2015. The numbers of countries represented in each ranking group are included in the legend. Source: World Health Organization. Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly growing world- and liver, observed in countries at opposite ends of the wide. The reasons are complex but reflect both aging and human development growth of the population, as well as changes in the prevalence Against this backdrop, the current article provides a sta- and distribution of the main risk factors for Cancer , several tus report on the Cancer burden worldwide in 2018, based of which are associated with socioeconomic ,3 on the GLOBOCAN 2018 Estimates of Cancer incidence With rapid population growth and aging worldwide.

8 The ris- and mortality produced by the International Agency for ing prominence of Cancer as a leading cause of death partly Research on Cancer (IARC).6 As in previous reports for reflects marked declines in mortality rates of stroke and coro- 2002,7 2008,8 and 2012,9 the primary focus is on a descrip- nary heart disease, relative to Cancer , in many countries. The tion of Cancer incidence and mortality at the Global level and extent to which Cancer 's position as a cause of premature death an assessment of the geographic variability observed across reflects national levels of social and economic development can 20 predefined world regions.

9 We describe the magnitude be seen by comparing the maps in Figures 1 and 2A (the latter and distribution of the disease overall and for the major map depicts the 4-tier Human Development Index [HDI]). Cancer types, commenting briefly on the associated risk Cancer transitions are most striking in emerging econ- factors and prospects for prevention of the major cancers omies, where an increasing magnitude of the disease is observed worldwide. We conclude by stating the limitations paralleled by a changing profile of common Cancer types. of the exercise and the need for population-based national A recurring observation is the ongoing displacement of and subnational Cancer surveillance data to improve the ac- infection-related and poverty-related cancers by those can- curacy of the GLOBOCAN Estimates and inform on-the- cers that already are highly frequent in the most developed ground initiatives in Cancer control.

10 Countries (eg, in Europe, North America, and high-income countries in Asia and Oceania). These cancers are often as- Data Sources and Methods cribed to a so-called westernization of lifestyle, 3 5 yet the The sources and methods used in compiling the Estimates in differing Cancer profiles in individual countries and be- GLOBOCAN 2018 are described in detail elsewhere6 and tween regions signify that marked geographic diversity still also are available online at the Global Cancer Observatory exists, with a persistence of local risk factors in populations ( ). The Global Cancer Observatory website in- at quite different phases of social and economic transition.