PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION

1 PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION B. Ed ( Year) Course Code: 8609 Units: 1 9 DEPARTMENT OF EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION & ELEMENTARY TEACHER EDUCATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD ii (All Rights Reserved with the Publisher) First Printing: .. 2017 Quantity: .. 20,000 Composed by: .. M. Hameed Zahid Printing Coordinator: .. Printing Press Operations Committee Printer: .. AIOU-Printing Press, H-8, Islamabad. Publisher: .. Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. iii COURSE TEAM Chairman Course Team: Prof. Dr. Nasir Mahmood Course Development Coordinator: Dr. Fazal ur Rahman Writers: 1. Dr. Muhammad Athar Hussain 2. Dr. Rahmatullah Bhatti 3. Ms. Mubeshera Tufail 4. Dr. Farkhanda Rashid Reviewer: Dr.

2 Fazal ur Rahman Composed by: M. Hameed Zahid Editor: Mr. Fazal Karim iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This is the foundation course of B. Ed ( Year) program. The course focuses on the ideological, philosophical, psychological, socioeconomic and historical foundations of EDUCATION . The major focus of the course is on developing an understanding of the trainee teachers on how different philosophical theories affect EDUCATION . The course will help in developing the ability in trainee teachers to interpret knowledge within its historical, philosophical, ideological and social context which will lead to produce critical perspectives on EDUCATION both within, and outside of schools. I am grateful to Professor Dr. Shahid Siddiqui, Vice Chancellor, Allama Iqbal Open University for providing support, guidance and healthy environment to develop this course.

3 My heartiest thanks and most respectful regards are for Dr. Fazal ur Rahman, Dr. Rehmatullah Bhatti and Dr. Farkhanda Rashid for making valuable contributions in the development of the course. Finally I am thankful to all who helped in developing this course. Prof. Dr. Nasir Mahmood Dean v INTRODUCTION OF THE COURSE PHILOSOPHY of EDUCATION is a three credit hours course. It consists of nine units. This course is an introduction to the PHILOSOPHY of EDUCATION . It examines the foundations of educational PHILOSOPHY and it will also attempt to understand the historical context from which our educational discourse derives. More specifically, the course will discuss topics in the areas of idealism, realism, pragmatism , existentialism and post modernism.

4 An understanding of these areas will give the trainee teachers further insight into educational theories such as essentialism, perennialism, progressivism and social reconstructionism, and how these theories impact the classroom teacher. The unit 1 of the course is about the introduction of PHILOSOPHY . Unit 2 and 3 discusses the Classical and Modern Philosophical Perspectives on EDUCATION . Unit 4 of the course explains the sources of knowledge, while Unit 5 describes Greek Philosophers Perspective on EDUCATION . Unit 6 and 7 highlighted the western philosophers and Muslim philosopher s perspective on EDUCATION . The unit 8 of the course is about the Contemporary Philosophies and Curriculum Development and Unit 9 explained the thinks viewpoints in EDUCATION .

5 This is the first edition of the book; the readers are requested to send their feedback/suggestions for improvement of the book. Dr. Fazal ur Rahman Course Development Coordinator vi OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE After completion of the course, the trainee teachers will be able to: 1. Describe the scope of PHILOSOPHY and branches of PHILOSOPHY . 2. Analyze the relationship of EDUCATION and PHILOSOPHY . 3. Evaluate the role of PHILOSOPHY in educational policy and practice. 4. Discuss the main tenets of idealism and realism. 5. Define naturalism, pragmatism and existentialism. 6. Identify the similarities and differences among naturalism, pragmatism and existentialism. 7. Differentiate between different sources of knowledge. 8. Explain the dialectical method of Socrates.

6 9. Evaluate Plato s theory of EDUCATION and point out its contribution to the field of EDUCATION . 10. Analyze Aristotle curriculum of EDUCATION . 11. Describe John Lock theory of knowledge. 12. Evaluate John Dewey s PHILOSOPHY of EDUCATION . 13. Describe principles of curriculum formation. 14. Analyze Herbart s Theory of Ideas. 15. Discuss Imam Al-Ghazali s view about teaching. 16. Explain role of contemporary philosophies in EDUCATION . 17. Compare different philosophies for curriculum development. vii CONTENTS Page # Course iii Acknowledgement .. iv Introduction of the Course .. v Objectives of the Course .. vi Unit 1: Introduction to 1 Introduction .. 2 Objectives .. 2 Definition and Scope of PHILOSOPHY .. 2 Branches of PHILOSOPHY .

7 4 Relationship of EDUCATION .. 5 Role of PHILOSOPHY in EDUCATION Policy and Practice .. 7 PHILOSOPHY and Aims of 8 PHILOSOPHY and the Curriculum .. 10 PHILOSOPHY and Teacher .. 11 PHILOSOPHY and Method of Teaching .. 12 Four General Philosophies .. 12 Idealism .. 13 Realism .. 13 pragmatism .. 14 Existentialism .. 14 Educational Philosophies .. 15 Perennialism .. 15 Essentialism .. 16 Progressivism .. 16 Reconstructionism/Critical Theory .. 17 Self-Assessment Questions .. 17 Activities .. 17 Bibliography .. 18 viii Unit 2: Classical and Modern Philosophical Perspectives on EDUCATION -I 19 Introduction .. 20 Objectives .. 20 Idealism .. 21 Chief Characteristics of Idealism.

8 21 Types of Idealism .. 22 Idealism in EDUCATION .. 23 Aims and Ideals of EDUCATION .. 24 Idealism and 26 Idealism and the Educator .. 27 Idealism and Educational Methods .. 28 Idealism and 29 Idealism in Contemporary EDUCATION .. 30 Realism .. 32 The Chief Tenets of Realism .. 32 Types of Realism .. 32 Comparison of Idealism and Realism .. 33 Realism in EDUCATION .. 35 Aims of EDUCATION .. 37 Curriculum .. 38 Methods of Teaching .. 39 Contribution of Realism to EDUCATION .. 39 Self-Assessment Questions .. 41 Activities .. 41 Bibliography .. 42 Unit 3: Classical & Modern Philosophical Perspectives on EDUCATION -II 43 Introduction .. 44 Objectives.

9 44 Naturalism .. 44 Philosophical Presuppositions .. 45 Philosophical Forms of Naturalism .. 45 Aims of EDUCATION .. 46 Curriculum .. 47 Educational Methods .. 47 The Teacher .. 49 Discipline .. 50 ix School Organisation .. 51 Contribution of Naturalism to EDUCATION .. 52 pragmatism .. 58 Fundamental principles of pragmatism .. 58 Forms of pragmatism .. 59 pragmatism in EDUCATION .. 60 Existentialism .. 66 The Chief Characteristics of Existentialism .. 66 The Aims of EDUCATION .. 70 Self-Assessment Questions .. 71 Activities .. 72 Bibliography .. 72 Unit 4: Sources of Knowledge .. 73 Introduction .. 74 Objectives .. 74 Revealed .. 74 Intuition.

10 78 Authority .. 80 Rational .. 82 Empirical .. 84 Activity .. 86 Self-Assessment Questions .. 87 Bibliography .. 88 Unit 5: Greek Philosophers Perspective on EDUCATION .. 89 Introduction .. 90 Objectives .. 90 Socrates .. 90 The Sophist Predecessors .. 91 Objectives of Greek EDUCATION .. 91 The Socratic Method .. 91 The Dialectical 92 x Salient Features of Dialectical method .. 93 Theory of Knowledge .. 94 Theory of Concepts .. 95 Reason and Definition in Knowledge .. 96 Knowledge and Virtue .. 96 Fundamental principles of Socratic EDUCATION .. 97 Plato .. 99 Aims of EDUCATION .. 99 Curriculum of 100 Role of Educator .. 100 EDUCATION According to Classes.