Container stevedoring monitoring report

1 Container stevedoring monitoring report 2020 21. October 2021. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission 23 Marcus Clarke Street, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601. Commonwealth of australia 2021. This work is copyright. In addition to any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all material contained within this work is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution australia licence, with the exception of: the Commonwealth Coat of Arms the ACCC and AER logos any illustration, diagram, photograph or graphic over which the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission does not hold copyright, but which may be part of or contained within this publication. The details of the relevant licence conditions are available on the Creative Commons website, as is the full legal code for the CC BY AU.

2 Licence. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Director, Content and Digital Services, ACCC, GPO Box 3131, Canberra ACT 2601. Important notice The information in this publication is for general guidance only. It does not constitute legal or other professional advice, and should not be relied on as a statement of the law in any jurisdiction. Because it is intended only as a general guide, it may contain generalisations. You should obtain professional advice if you have any specific concern. The ACCC has made every reasonable effort to provide current and accurate information, but it does not make any guarantees regarding the accuracy, currency or completeness of that information.

3 Parties who wish to re-publish or otherwise use the information in this publication must check this information for currency and accuracy prior to publication. This should be done prior to each publication edition, as ACCC guidance and relevant transitional legislation frequently change. Any queries parties have should be addressed to the Director, Content and Digital Services, ACCC, GPO Box 3131, Canberra ACT 2601. ACCC 11/21_21-84. Contents Glossary and abbreviations v Key industry insights and developments viii Overview ix Executive Summary xii Key stevedoring results 2020 21 xxiii 1. Introduction 1. The Container freight supply chain in australia 1. Participants in the Container freight supply chain 3. The ACCC's Container stevedoring monitoring program 8.

4 Outline of the 2020 21 Container stevedoring monitoring report 10. 2. The current state of the Container freight supply chain 11. The supply chain is not functioning effectively due to COVID-19. related disruptions 11. Australian cargo owners are incurring significantly higher costs and experiencing difficulties securing shipping capacity 15. COVID-19 induced disruptions have also affected service providers in the supply chain 20. 3. Long-term trends in the Container freight supply chain 21. Industrial relations 21. Large ships 22. Environmental regulations 23. Growing bargaining power of shipping lines 24. Privatisation of ports 28. Growing imbalance of empty containers 28. Vertical integration across the supply chain 34.

5 4. Financial performance of stevedores 35. Stevedores' profitability has fallen over the past 10 years and varies significantly across ports and across stevedores 35. Greater competition between stevedores has led to increased investment in equipment and infrastructure 41. Following privatisation, the ports have become more dynamic but the land rents at Port of Melbourne have grown rapidly 43. 5. Stevedore fees and charges 45. Terminal access charges 45. Other landside fees 50. Some improvements to stevedores' charging practices are needed and a number of initiatives are underway 54. Shipping lines are not providing sufficient transparency of pass-through charges 55. iii Container stevedoring monitoring report 2020 21. 6.

6 Productivity and efficiency at Australian Container ports 56. Despite some productivity gains, Australian ports are still not internationally competitive 56. Restrictive work practices and industrial actions are hampering productivity improvements and damaging operation of the entire supply chain 64. 7. Investments at Australian Container ports 70. Investments being made by ports and stevedores to improve productivity and efficiency 70. The supply chain can benefit from greater rail access to the ports from joint investments 71. Appendix A: Additional graphs 74. Appendix B: Part VIIA, Competition and Consumer Act 2010 80. Appendix C: Ministerial direction 81. iv Container stevedoring monitoring report 2020 21. Glossary and abbreviations ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics ACCC Australian Competition and Consumer Commission All lines fast The point when the ship is fully secured at berth, and all mooring lines are fast.

7 Berth A ship's allotted space in a stevedore's Container terminal. Blank sailing Where a shipping line cancels a scheduled service, or where certain ports are omitted along a particular route. BITRE Bureau of Infrastructure and Transport Research Economics Cargo owner Importers and exporters, also known as shippers. CCA Competition and Consumer Act 2010. CFMEU Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union, a predecessor organisation to the CFMMEU. CFMMEU Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union, formed from the merger of the CFMEU and the MUA. Container exchange The total of number of containers that are unloaded and loaded while a ship is at berth. CPI Consumer Price Index Crane intensity Total number of allocated crane hours divided by the elapsed time from labour first boarding the ship to labour last leaving the ship.

8 Crane intensity is an input to calculating net crane rate' and ship rate'. Crane rate An indicator of capital productivity that reflects the intensity to which quayside cranes are worked. It is measured by dividing the total number of containers (TEUs) handled by the crane by the elapsed crane time'. De-hiring The process of returning an empty Container to either an ECP or a terminal. DP World DP World australia Ltd operates Container terminals in Brisbane, Fremantle, Sydney and Melbourne. EA Enterprise Agreement EBITA Earnings before interest, taxation, and amortisation. ECP Empty Container Park. Companies whose business is to store empty containers. They may also provide ancillary services such as Container cleaning, repairs and repositioning.

9 Elapsed crane time The crane time allocated by the stevedores. It is computed as the total allocated crane hours less operational and non-operational delays. Elapsed crane time is an input to calculating the crane rate'. Elapsed labour rate An indicator of labour productivity. The elapsed labour rate is computed as the number of containers handled' divided by the elapsed labour time'. Elapsed labour time The elapsed time between labour first boarding the ship and labour last leaving the ship, less any time the labour has not worked, including non-operational delays. Elapsed labour time is an input to calculating elapsed labour rate'. ESC Essential Services Commission of Victoria ESCOSA Essential Services Commission of South australia v Container stevedoring monitoring report 2020 21.

10 FACT Flinders Adelaide Container Terminal Pty Ltd. FACT is wholly owned by the South Australian port operator and is the sole Container stevedore at Port Adelaide. Freight forwarder A freight forwarder is a person or a company that organizes shipments for cargo owners to get containerised goods from the manufacturer or producer to a market, customer or final point of distribution. Hutchison Hutchison Ports australia , a member of Hutchison Ports Holdings Group. Hutchison operates terminals in Brisbane and Sydney. Idle time (hours) Average idle hours measures the time that a ship spends in berth, net of the average time taken by the cranes to complete the loading and unloading operations. IMO 2020 Regulations issued by the International Maritime Organisation that limit sulphur oxide emissions.