Geospatial Analysis 5th Edition, 2015

1 2015 edition Geospatial Analysis A Comprehensive Guide to Principles, Techniques and Software Tools - fifth edition - Michael J de Smith Michael F Goodchild Paul A Longley Copyright 2007-2015 All Rights reserved. fifth edition . Issue version: 1 (2015). No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1998 or with the written permission of the authors. The moral right of the authors has been asserted. Copies of this edition are available in electronic book and web-accessible formats only. Disclaimer: This publication is designed to offer accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter. It is provided on the understanding that it is not supplied as a form of professional or advisory service.

2 References to software products, datasets or publications are purely made for information purposes and the inclusion or exclusion of any such item does not imply recommendation or otherwise of the product or material in question. Licensing and ordering: For ordering (special PDF versions), licensing and contact details please refer to the Guide's website: Published by The Winchelsea Press, Winchelsea, UK. Acknowledgements The authors would like to express their particular thanks to the following individuals and organizations: Accon GmbH, Greifenberg, Germany for permission to use the noise mapping images on the inside cover of this Guide and in Figure 3-4; Prof D Martin for permission to use Figure 4-19 and Figure 4-20; Prof D Dorling and colleagues for permission to use Figure 4-50 and Figure 4-52; Dr K McGarigal for permission to use the Fragstats summary in Section ; Dr H Kristinsson, Faculty of Engineering, University of Iceland for permission to use Figure 4-69; Dr S Rana, formerly of the Center for Transport Studies, University College London for permission to use Figure 6-24; Prof B Jiang, Department of Technology and Built Environment of University of G vle, Sweden for permission to use the Axwoman software and sample data in Section.

3 Dr G Dubois, European Commission (EC), Joint Research Center Directorate (DG JRC) for comments on parts of Chapter 6 and permission to use material from the original AI-Geostats website; Geovariances (France) for provision of an evaluation copy of their Isatis geostatistical software; F O'Sullivan for use of Figure 6-41; Profs A Okabe, K Okunuki and S Shiode (Center for Spatial Information Science, Tokyo University, Japan) for use of their SANET software and sample data; and S A Sirigos, University of Thesally, Greece for permission to use his Tripolis dataset in the Figure at the front of this Guide, the provision of his S-Distance software, and comments on part of Chapter 7. Sections and of Chapter 8 are substantially derived from material researched and written by Christian Castle and Andrew Crooks (and updated for the latest editions by Andrew) with the financial support of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Camden Primary Care Trust (PCT), and the Greater London Authority (GLA) Economics Unit.

4 The front cover has been designed by Dr Alex Singleton. We would also like to express our thanks to the many users of the book and website for their comments, suggestions and occasionally, corrections. Particular thanks for corrections go to Bryan Thrall, Juanita Francis-Begay and Paul Johnson. A number of the maps displayed in this Guide, notably those in Chapter 6, have been created using GB. Ordnance Survey data provided via the EDINA Digimap/JISC service. These datasets and other GB OS data illustrated is Crown Copyright. Every effort has been made to acknowledge and establish copyright of materials used in this publication. Anyone with a query regarding any such item should contact the authors via the Guide's website, 4. Table of Contents 1 Introduction and terminology 12. Spatial Analysis , GIS and software tools 14. Intended audience and scope 20. Software tools and Companion Materials 21. GIS and related software tools 22.

5 Suggested reading 25. Terminology and Abbreviations 28. Definitions 29. Common Measures and Notation 36. Notation 37. Statistical measures and related formulas 39. 2 Conceptual Frameworks for Spatial Analysis 51. Basic Primitives 52. Place 53. Attributes 55. Objects 58. Maps 60. Multiple properties of places 61. Fields 63. Networks 65. Density estimation 66. Detail, resolution, and scale 67. Topology 69. Spatial Relationships 70. Co-location 71. Distance, direction and spatial weights matrices 72. Multidimensional scaling 74. Spatial context 75. Neighborhood 76. Spatial heterogeneity 77. Spatial dependence 78. Spatial sampling 79. Spatial interpolation 80. Smoothing and sharpening 82. First- and second-order processes 83. Spatial Statistics 85. 2015 Dr Mike de Smith, Prof Mike Goodchild, Prof Paul Longley 5. Spatial probability 86. Probability density 87. Uncertainty 88. Statistical inference 89. Spatial Data Infrastructure 91.

6 Geoportals 92. Metadata 93. Interoperability 94. Conclusion 95. 3 Methodological Context 96. Analytical methodologies 97. Spatial Analysis as a process 102. Spatial Analysis and the PPDAC model 104. Problem: Framing the question 107. Plan: Formulating the approach 109. Data: Data acquisition 111. Analysis : Analytical methods and tools 113. Conclusions: Delivering the results 116. Geospatial Analysis and model building 117. The changing context of GIScience 123. 4 Building Blocks of Spatial Analysis 126. Spatial and Spatio-temporal Data Models and Methods 127. Geometric and Related Operations 132. Length and area for vector data 133. Length and area for raster datasets 136. Surface area 138. Line Smoothing and point-weeding 143. Centroids and centers 146. Point (object) in polygon (PIP) 154. Polygon decomposition 156. Shape 158. Overlay and combination operations 160. Areal interpolation 164. Districting and re-districting 168.

7 Classification and clustering 174. Boundaries and zone membership 188. Tessellations and triangulations 198. Queries, Computations and Density 205. 2015 Dr Mike de Smith, Prof Mike Goodchild, Prof Paul Longley 6. Spatial selection and spatial queries 206. Simple calculations 207. Ratios, indices, normalization, standardization and rate smoothing 211. Density, kernels and occupancy 216. Distance Operations 232. Metrics 235. Cost distance 242. Network distance 259. Buffering 261. Distance decay models 265. Directional Operations 270. Directional Analysis of linear datasets 271. Directional Analysis of point datasets 277. Directional Analysis of surfaces 280. Grid Operations and Map Algebra 282. Operations on single and multiple grids 283. Linear spatial filtering 285. Non-linear spatial filtering 289. Erosion and dilation 290. 5 Data Exploration and Spatial Statistics 292. Statistical Methods and Spatial Data 293.

8 Descriptive statistics 296. Spatial sampling 297. Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis 306. EDA, ESDA and ESTDA 307. Outlier detection 310. Cross tabulations and conditional choropleth plots 314. ESDA and mapped point data 316. Trend Analysis of continuous data 318. Cluster hunting and scan statistics 319. Grid-based Statistics and Metrics 321. Overview of grid-based statistics 322. Crosstabulated grid data, the Kappa Index and Cramer's V statistic 324. Quadrat Analysis of grid datasets 327. Landscape Metrics 331. Point Sets and Distance Statistics 338. Basic distance-derived statistics 339. Nearest neighbor methods 340. Pairwise distances 345. 2015 Dr Mike de Smith, Prof Mike Goodchild, Prof Paul Longley 7. Hot spot and cluster Analysis 351. Proximity matrix comparisons 358. Spatial Autocorrelation 359. Autocorrelation, time series and spatial Analysis 360. Global spatial autocorrelation 363. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) 382.

9 Significance tests for autocorrelation indices 386. Spatial Regression 388. Regression overview 389. Simple regression and trend surface modeling 396. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) 399. Spatial autoregressive and Bayesian modeling 404. Spatial filtering models 413. 6 Surface and Field Analysis 415. Modeling Surfaces 416. Test datasets 417. Surfaces and fields 419. Raster models 421. Vector models 424. Mathematical models 426. Statistical and fractal models 428. Surface Geometry 431. Gradient, slope and aspect 432. Profiles and curvature 439. Directional derivatives 446. Paths on surfaces 447. Surface smoothing 449. Pit filling 451. Volumetric Analysis 452. Visibility 453. Viewsheds and RF propagation 454. Line of sight 458. Isovist Analysis and space syntax 460. Watersheds and Drainage 464. Drainage modeling 465. D-infinity model 467. Drainage modeling case study 468. Gridding, Interpolation and Contouring 471.

10 Overview of gridding and interpolation 472. 2015 Dr Mike de Smith, Prof Mike Goodchild, Prof Paul Longley 8. Gridding and interpolation methods 474. Contouring 480. Deterministic Interpolation Methods 483. Inverse distance weighting (IDW) 485. Natural neighbor 488. Nearest-neighbor 491. Radial basis and spline functions 492. Modified Shepard 495. Triangulation with linear interpolation 496. Triangulation with spline-like interpolation 497. Rectangular or bi-linear interpolation 498. Profiling 499. Polynomial regression 500. Minimum curvature 501. Moving average 502. Local polynomial 503. Topogrid/Topo to raster 504. Geostatistical Interpolation Methods 505. Core concepts in Geostatistics 508. Kriging interpolation 524. 7 Network and Location Analysis 535. Introduction to Network and Location Analysis 536. Terminology 537. Source data 539. Algorithms and computational complexity theory 541. Key Problems in Network and Location Analysis 543.