1 Battery Storage Systems - IEEE Smart Grid

1 1 Battery Storage Systems 1 White Paper #1 Draft 2 Topic: Battery Storage Systems 3 Authored by: 4 5 2 Battery Storage Systems 1 2 CONTRIBUTORS 3 4 IEEE Smart Grid Battery Storage Working Group 5 6 Chair 7 8 Wei-Jen Lee IEEE Industry Applications Society 9 10 Members and Contributors 11 12 Merlinda Andoni IEEE ABCD Society 13 Salam Bani-Ahmed IEEE ABCD Society 14 David Flynn IEEE ABCD Society 15 Balint Hartmann IEEE ABCD Society 16 John Hewson IEEE ABCD Society 17 Josh Lamb IEEE ABCD Society 18 Afshin Majd IEEE Industry Applications Society 19 Valentin Robu IEEE ABCD Society 20 Mehrdad Rostami IEEE ABCD Society 21 Chris Searles IEEE ABCD Society 22 Sima Seidi IEEE ABCD Society 23 Istvan Taczi IEEE ABCD Society 24 Istvan Vokony IEEE ABCD Society 25 Gaetano Zizzo IEEE ABCD Society 26 27 Staff 28 29 Phyllis Caputo IEEE Smart Grid 30 Angelique

2 Rajski Parashis IEEE Smart Grid 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 2 IEEE Smart Grid Initiative brings together IEEE s broad array of technical societies and 3 organizations through collaboration to encourage the successful rollout of technologically 4 advanced, environment-friendly and secure Smart -grid networks around the world. As the 5 professional community and leading provider of globally recognized Smart Grid information, IEEE 6 Smart Grid Initiative is intended to organize, coordinate, leverage and build upon the strength of 7 various entities within IEEE with Smart Grid expertise and interest. Additional information on IEEE 8 Smart Grid can be found at 9 10 4 Table of Contents 1 1. Introduction .. 6 2 2. Overview of the Energy Storage Technologies.

3 7 3 Lead acid batteries .. 7 4 Nickel Cadmium batteries .. 8 5 Nickel metal hydride batteries .. 8 6 Lithium-ion batteries .. 8 7 Flow batteries .. 10 8 Sodium sulfur batteries .. 11 9 Sodium-nickel-chloride batteries .. 11 10 Electric double layer capacitors .. 11 11 Comparison of Battery Storage technologies .. 12 12 3. Current Applications of Battery Storage .. 16 13 Transmission level .. 16 14 Current Installations and plans .. 16 15 Area of Applications .. 17 16 Integration of Distributed Renewable Energy Sources .. 17 17 Merchant Electricity Storage .. 17 18 Transmission upgrade deferral and congestion relief .. 18 19 Energy arbitrage .. 19 20 Load following .. 19 21 Power quality improvement .. 20 22 Power reliability .. 20 23 Ancillary services.

4 20 24 Distribution level .. 23 25 Current activities .. 23 26 Area of applications .. 24 27 Distribution upgrade deferral .. 24 28 Voltage excursion support .. 24 29 5 Grid support .. 24 1 Duck curve improvement .. 25 2 Microgrid/Nanogrid development .. 28 3 EV Battery and charging station .. 31 4 Residential level .. 35 5 Transportation .. 39 6 4. Potential Solutions to the Energy Storage issues .. 47 7 Introduction .. 47 8 Generation .. 47 9 Renewable Energy Storage Units .. 47 10 Transmission .. 48 11 Distribution .. 49 12 5. Electrochemical energy Storage and safety .. 52 13 Introduction .. 52 14 Reliability and aging .. 52 15 Effects of scale .. 53 16 Lithium-ion Systems .. 53 17 Risks associated with batteries .. 53 18 Classification of failures.

5 55 19 Criteria for initial failure .. 55 20 Criteria for cascading propagation .. 58 21 General Battery hazards and other chemistries .. 60 22 Risk assessment of arcing .. 61 23 Appendix .. 67 24 Recommended Standards/Regulations/Government Policies .. 67 25 26 6 1. Introduction 1 Electrical power infrastructures are changing dramatically around the globe due to Smart 2 grid initiatives, the establishment of renewables and the resulting distributed nature of creating 3 electricity, the need for independent microgrids to ensure grid reliability, new demands from 4 end users, the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as well as the capability to 5 accommodate mixed energy resources. As a result, the power network faces great challenges in 6 generation, transmission and distribution to meet new and many times unpredictable demands 7 of providing coherent electricity supply.

6 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) has been considered a 8 game-changer with a number of technologies that have great potential in meeting these 9 challenges. According to the Department of Energy the suitability of a Storage technology is 10 determined primarily by its power and energy capacity and the rate at which these can be 11 stored and delivered. Other characteristics to consider are round-trip efficiency, cycle life, 12 calendar life, safety, reliability, effect on the environment and ramp rate (how fast the 13 technology can respond to a command). 14 However, the wide variety of options and complex performance matrices can make it 15 difficult to appraise a specific EES technology for a particular application. This white paper 16 intends to contribute information that will give a Smart Grid user a clearer picture of the state-17 of-the-art electrochemical technologies available, and where they would be suited for 18 integration into a power generation and distribution system.

7 The white paper starts with an 19 overview of the operation principles, technical and economic performance features and the 20 current research and development of important EES technologies, sorted into six main 21 categories based on the types of energy stored. Other energy Storage technologies such as 22 compressed air, fly wheel, and pump Storage do exist, but this white paper focuses on Battery 23 energy Storage Systems (BESS) and its related applications. 24 There is a body of work being created by many organizations, especially within IEEE, but it is 25 the intent of this white paper to complement those activities and provide solid insight into the 26 role of energy Storage , especially as it relates to the Smart Grid. 27 28 29 7 2. Overview of the Energy Storage Technologies 1 Today, most common Battery chemistries are based on lead, nickel, sodium and lithium 2 electrochemestries.

8 Emerging technologies like flow batteries utilize various transition metals 3 like vanadium, chromium and iron as the electroactive element. Carbon electrodes are a 4 critical part of several of these Battery Systems .. Each Storage type has distinct characteristics, 5 namely, capacity, energy and power output, charging/discharging rates, efficiency, life-cycle 6 and cost that need to be taken into consideration for possible applications. Understanding 7 their chemical characteristics and related regulations are critical steps for possible use. This 8 includes the application, siting, installation, operation and maintenance, as well as shipping and 9 disposing of used batteries. This chapter presents a review of available and emerging Battery 10 technologies and their design and performance characteristics.

9 Electric Double Layer Capacitors 11 (often referred to as ultracapacitors or supercapacitors) are also addressed in this chapter. 12 13 Lead acid batteries 14 The lead- acid Battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Plant and it is the 15 oldest and most mature rechargeable Battery technology. There are several types of lead- acid 16 batteries that share the same fundamental configuration. The Battery consists of a lead (Pb) 17 cathode, a lead-dioxide (PbO2) anode and sulfuric acid electrolyte (H2SO4). The deep 18 cycle/traction and the traditional stationary Battery types are the most commonly used in 19 Smart Grid applications. The deep cycle Battery is composed of very thin plates and has a low 20 energy density; however, its relatively high power density makes it attractive for use in motor 21 vehicles to provide the high current required for power engine starters.

10 22 The larger format and thicker plate stationary Battery is used in a number of applications 23 where interruption to the load cannot be tolerated. Common use in the energy space includes 24 standby backup power for switchgear, turbine motors, data centers and any other application 25 where reliability of the load is critical. Lead- acid batteries are widely used because they are less 26 expensive compared to many of the newer technologies and have a proven track record for 27 reliability and performance. 28 In North America the use of calcium along with other alloys is common for vented lead- acid 29 (VLA) cell. In Europe and other parts of the world, lead-selenium along with a small amount of 30 antimony (low antimony) cells are commonly used for standby applications. However, the leas-31 selenium, low-antimony Battery has been more widely used in North America in recent years.