1. PREPARING RESEARCH DESIGN 2. QUANTITATIVE …

1 RESEARCH DESIGN2. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNDr. Rakesh SharmaRN-RM, MScN, PhDAssistant Professor, College of NursingAIIMS, Rishikesh, UttarakhandAIM Theaimofthistalkistohelpyoutogainagreate runderstandingofquantitativeresearchdesi gnsastheyapplytotheresearchprocess, : QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Quantitativeresearchisaformal,objective, systematicprocessinwhichnumericaldataare usedtoobtaininformationabouttheworld. Itisthesystematicempiricalinvestigationo fobservablephenomenaviastatistical,mathe matical,orcomputationaltechniquesIntrodu ction: Qualitative RESEARCH Qualitativeresearchisasystematic,interac tive,subjectiveapproachusedtodescribelif eexperiencesandgivethemmeaningDefinition : RESEARCH DESIGN Theresearchdesignisthemasterplanspecifyi ngthemethodsandproceduresforcollectingan danalyzingtheneededinformationinaresearc hstudy . answers to the following questions lead to development of RESEARCH DESIGN : Prepare GajarHalwaFinding answers to the following questions lead to development of RESEARCH DESIGN : is the primary purpose of the study to describe variablesand group in the study, to study relationship, or to study causalitywithin the study situation?

2 A treatment / intervention be used in the study? intervention is used, it will be controlledby researcher? there is a pre-testbefore treatment?Finding answers to the following questions lead to development of RESEARCH DESIGN : the sample be randomlyselected? the sample be studied as a single group or dividedinto groups? many groupswill there be? will be the sizeof each group? there be a control group? group be randomly assigned ? there be repeated measures of variables?Finding answers to the following questions lead to development of RESEARCH DESIGN : the data be collected cross-sectionallyor over time? extraneous variables been identified? data being collected on extraneous variables? strategies are being used to control for extraneous variables? strategies are being used for comparison of variables or groups? data be collected at single site or at multiple sites?

3 Types of RESEARCH DesignMixed methodQualitative QuantitativeQuantitative RESEARCH DESIGN Types of QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DesignI. experimental II. Non-experimentalIII. Other RESEARCH designExperimental RESEARCH DesignExperimental RESEARCH Designs Mostscientificallysophisticatedresearchm ethod. Effects of selected aerobic exercise on obesity among adolescent girls studying in AIIMS RishikeshTypes of experimental RESEARCH DesignsTrue experimental DESIGN quasi - experimental designPre- experimental designs True experimental DESIGN Characterized by:ManipulationControlRandomizationTrue experimental DesignType of True experimental DesignsPretest -posttest control group Post test only control group Randomized block DESIGN Factorial DESIGN Solomon four groupCrossover measures / counterbalance DESIGN 1. Pretest -posttest control group Forexample, Anexperimentalstudytoassesstheeffectiven essofcognitivebehavioraltherapyintervent ionsforpatientswithbreastcancer.

4 2. Post-test only control DESIGN Forexample, PRE TEST Subjects are assigned to blocks, based on gender. Then, within each block, subjects are randomly assigned to treatments (either aplaceboor a cold vaccine). Eg. For this DESIGN , 250 men get the placebo, 250 men get the vaccine, 250 women get the placebo, and 250 women get the Randomized block DESIGN .3. Randomized block design250 Male Vaccination Target Population 500 Male 500 Female Random selection 250 Male Placebo 250 Female Vaccination 250 Female Placebo Random Assignment Random Assignment 4. Factorial DESIGN : Researchermanipulatestwoormoreindependen tvariablessimultaneouslytoobservetheiref fectsonthedependentvariables. Thisdesignisusefulwhentherearemorethantw oindependentvariables, Solomon four group DESIGN : Forexample, EffectivenessofworkshoponmanagementofHIV toimprovethenursesattitudetowardpatients withAIDS admittedinselectedhospitals.

5 6. Crossover DESIGN (Repeated Measure) / counterbalance DESIGN Itinvolvestheexposureofthesamesubjectwit hmorethanoneexperimentaltreatment. example :6. Crossover DESIGN (Repeated Measure) / counterbalance designGroup1-3 monthsWashout period 1-Month 5-7 Month Group-IDrug Ano drug Drug BGroup-IIDrug Bno drug Drug ATypes of experimental RESEARCH DesignsTrue experimental DESIGN B. quasi - experimental designPre- experimental designs quasi experimental RESEARCH DesignManipulationControl RandomizationResearcher initiates an experimental treatment but some characteristics of true experiment are of quasi experimental RESEARCH Design1. Non-equivalent Control Group DESIGN 2. Time series design1. Non-equivalent Control Group DESIGN Alsoknownasnon-equivalentcontrolgroupdes ign. Identicaltothepre-testpost-testcontrolgr oupdesign,exceptthereisnorandomassignmen tofsubjectsinexperimentalandcontrolgroup Pre-testPre-testTreatmentPost-testPost-t estExp.

6 GroupControl Group No Randomisation 2. Time Series DESIGN RandomisationNo control group O1 O2 O3 O1 O2 O3 Treatment Exp. GroupO=ObservationTypes of experimental RESEARCH DesignsTrue experimental DESIGN quasi - experimental designC. Pre- experimental designs Pre- experimental RESEARCH DESIGN Thisresearchdesignisconsideredasveryweak ,becauseresearcherhasverylittlecontrolov ertheresearch. Manipulationofindependentvariablesbutlim itedcontroloverextraneousvariables, of Pre experimental RESEARCH Design1. One-shot case design2. One group pre-test /post-test design1. One-shot Case DESIGN Post-testPost-testExp. Group2. One group pre-test /post-test DESIGN GroupPre-testPre-testTreatment Post-testPost-testNON experimental RESEARCH DESIGNNon experimental RESEARCH DESIGN Variablesarenotdeliberatelymanipulated,n orthesettingiscontrolled. Researcherscollectdatawithoutmakingchang esorintroducingtreatments.

7 Of Non experimental RESEARCH Design1. Descriptive DESIGN 2. Correlational / Ex post facto 3. Developmental RESEARCH 4. Epidemiological 5. Survey research1. Descriptive RESEARCH Designs Phenomenonoccursinnaturalsettingwithouti mposinganycontrolormanipulation. Usedtodeveloptheories,identifyproblemswi thcurrentpractices,justifycurrentpractic es, of Descriptive RESEARCH DesignsUnivariantdescriptive designExploratory descriptive DESIGN Comparative descriptive DESIGN UnivariantDescriptive DESIGN Studiesundertakentodescribethefrequencyo foccurrenceofaphenomenonratherthantostud yrelationship. For example , a researcher is interested in assessing the experiences of patients suffering with rheumatoid arthritis. Exploratory Descriptive DESIGN Investigatingthephenomenonanditsrelatedf actorsaboutwhichisnotmuchknown. Forexample,anexploratorystudytoassessthe multifactorialdimensionsoffallandhomesaf etymeasuresforelderlypeoplelivinginselec tedcommunitiesincityLudhianaComparative Descriptive DESIGN Comparingoccurrenceofaphenomenonintwoorm oregroups.

8 Forexample,Acomparativestudyonhealthprob lemsamongruralandurbanolderpeopleindistr ictBikaner, of Non experimental RESEARCH Design1. Descriptive DESIGN 2. Correlational / Ex post facto 3. Developmental RESEARCH 4. Epidemiological 5. Survey researchTypes of Correlational/ Ex post facto Prospective DESIGN Retrospective DESIGN Prospective DESIGN Forexample,aresearcherisconducting aprospectivecorrelationalstudyoneffectof maternalinfectionduringpregnancyonfetald evelopmentandpregnancyoutcome. Cause Effect Retrospective DESIGN Forexample, Effect Types of Non experimental RESEARCH Design1. Descriptive DESIGN 2. Correlational / Ex post facto 3. Developmental RESEARCH 4. Epidemiological 5. Survey researchDevelopmental RESEARCH of Developmental RESEARCH Cross-sectional DESIGN Longitudinal designForexample,aresearcherininterested inassessingtheawarenessaboutSwineFlueamo ngpeopleofJaipur,Delhi& DESIGN Examiningthephenomenonmorethanonepointin time Forexample, of Non experimental RESEARCH Design1.

9 Descriptive DESIGN 2. Correlational / Ex post facto 3. Developmental RESEARCH 4. Epidemiological 5. Survey researchEpidemiological RESEARCH Designs Epidemiologicalistheinvestigationofthedi stributionandcausesofdiseasesinapopulati oneitherprospectively(causestoeffect)orr etrospectively(effecttocause).Types of Epidemiological RESEARCH DESIGN Case control studies Cohort studies Case Control Studies Causesofadiseaseareinvestigatedaftertheo ccurrenceofadisease. Forexample, studies Longitudinalapproachisusedtoinvestigatet heoccurrenceofadiseaseinexistingpresumed causes. Forexample, of Non experimental RESEARCH Design1. Descriptive DESIGN 2. Correlational / Ex post facto 3. Developmental RESEARCH 4. Epidemiological 5. Survey researchSurvey RESEARCH DESIGN of SurveyBased on nature of phenomenon under studyDescriptive surveyExploratory surveyComparative surveyCorrelational surveyTypes of SurveyBased on methods of data collectionWritten surveyOral surveyElectronic surveyIII.

10 Other Additional RESEARCH DesignsMethodological studiesMeta-analysisOperational researchSecondary data analysisEvaluation studiesOutcome research1. Methodological Studies Conductedtodevelop,validate,testandevalu atetheresearchinstrumentsandmethods. of Methodological StudiesTesting the reliability and validity of RESEARCH tool.. Developing instrument for user and respondent. Formulating the items for tool. Defining the behaviouror construct to Meta-analysis Combinestheresultsofseveralstudiesthatad dressasharedresearchhypothesis. Steps in Conducting Meta-analysisDefine hypothesisLocate the studiesInput dataCalculate effect sizesAnalyze variablesSecondary Data Analysis Aresearchdesigninwhichthedatacollectedby oneresearcharereanalyzedbyanotherresearc her, Data Analysis Asecondaryanalysiscanbeperformedwithboth quantitativeandqualitativedata. Exampleofquantitativestudy: Asaresearcheruseddatafromapreviousstudyo fpatientswithchronicobstructivepulmonary diseasetotestanexplanatorymodeloffactors affectingfunctionalstatusinthisdisorder.