10 - Aviation Impact Reform

1 DOT.'FAA/RD-92126 Crew Resource Management:DOT-VNTSC-FAA-92-8 Rosearch and Development Service An Introductory HandbookWashington. DC 20591 RSPA/VNTSC-- ---- ----- -------- ..NXCOKI HF Aviation Concepts, Report~ August 1992 This document is available to the publicthrough the National Technical Information ServiceSpringfield, Virginia 2216110U S. Department of TransportationFederal Aviation AdministrationNOTICEThis document is disseminated under the sponsorshipof the Department of Transportation in the interestof information exchange. The United States Governmentassumes ro liability for its contents or use Uniicd States Government does not endorseproducts or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers'names appear herein solely because they are consideredessential to the object of this DOCUMENTATION PAGE ( Form ApprovedOMB No. ? reporting burden for this col iecion of informnation is estimated to average, 1hour per response, incLuding thetime for review ngi nttructions searching existing data sources, gathering and maitnaining the Oata needed, andcoapLeting and reylew ng the cotlection of informahion.)

2 Send comments regarding this burden es tiate or any otheraspect of this co Lectfon If nforqmtion, intruding suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington HeWuartersSegices Directorate for nformation Operations aqd Reports, 1215 Jefferson Do is HIghway Suite 1204, Ar Lton A2 -4 to the Officao- arrntdet. P r C 21. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE TYPE AND DATES COVEREDA ugust 1992 Final Report4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERSCrew Resource Management: An Introductory handbook A1070/FAlEZ6. AUTHOR(S)James E. Driskell, Richard J, Adams7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBERF lorida Maxima Corporation Advanced Aviation Concepts, East Lyman Avenue 10356 Sandy Run Road DOT-VNTSC-FAA-92-8 Winter Park, FL 32789 Jupiter, FL 334789. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. Department of Transportation AGENCY REPORT NUMBERF ederal Aviation Administration DOT/FAA/RD-92/26 Research and Development ServiceWashington, DC 2059111.

3 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODEThis document is available to the public through the NationalTechnical Information Service, Springfield, VA 2216113. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)Recent research findings suggest that crew resource management (CRM) training canresult in significant improvements in flightcrew performance. The objectives of thishandbook are to foster an understanding of the background and philosophy of CRM and top-,ovide an overview of the development, implementation and evaluation of CRM , CRM programs have been implemented successfully at a number of airlines,large and small, civil and military. The variety of CRM training programs suggestthat there are a number of ways to achieve effective SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES62 Crew Resource Management (CRM). Air Carrier Training, Flight Crew Performance, Air CarrierAccident Prevention, Team Cooraination 16. PRICE CGOE17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19.

4 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACTOF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACTU nclassified Unclassified UnclassifiedNSN 7540-01-280-5505 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18298-102 PREFACER ecent research findings suggest that crew resource management (CRM) training canresult in significant improvements in flightcrew performance. The objectives ofthis handbook are to foster an understanding of the background and philosophy ofCRM and to provide an overview of the development, implementation and evaluationof CRM training. Currently, CRM programs have been implemented successfully ata number of airlines, large and small, civil and military. The variety of CR1 Mtraining programs suggest that there are a number of ways to achieve For--NTIS CAOTrC TAB3IJ.:;t~ ..Aval bi~L Co: i ,92-28443 ,.,.' ,,iii ". CONVERSION FACTORSENGLISH TO METRIC METRIC TO ENGLISHLENGTH (APPROXIMATE) LENGTH (APPROXIMATE)1 inch (in.) centimeters (cm) 1 millimeter (mm) inch (in)1 foot (ft) w 30 centimeters (cm) 1 centimeter (cm) inch (in)1 yard (yd) meter(in) 1 meter (in) a feet (ft) mile(mi) kilomneters(km) 1 m eter (m) yards(yd)1 kilometer (km) mile (mi)AREA (APPROXIMATE) AREA (APPROXIMATE)I square inch (sq in, in2) square centimeters (cm2) 1 square centi meter (cm 2) = squ are i nch (sq i n,: n2)1 square foot (sq ft.)

5 Ft2) square meter (in2) 1 square meter (in2) square yards (sq yd. yd')1 square yard (sq yd. yd2)) square meter (m2) I square kilometer (kn2) = (sq ml, )1 square mile (sq mi, rni2) . square kilometers (kin2) I hectare (he) =10,000 square meters ,m2) = acres1 acre hectares (he) u4,000 square meters (mn2)MASS -WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE) MASS -WEIGHT (APPROXIMATE)1 ounce (oz) -28 grams (gr) 1 gram (gr) = ounce (oz)1 pound (Ib) =.43 kilogram (kg) 1 kilogram (kg) = pounds (II)I short ton -2,000 pounds (lb) = 0-9tonne (t) 1 tonne (t) = 1,O000kilograms (kg) short tonsVOLUME (APPROXIMATE) VOLUME (APPROXIMATE)1 teaspoon (tsp) = 5 milliliters(mI) I milliliter (ml) fluid ounce (fl oz)1 tablespoon (tbsp) x 15 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (1) pints (pt)1 fluid ounce (f I oz) -30 milliliters (ml) 1 liter (1) = quarts (qt)1 cup (c) liter (1) 1 liter (1) gallon (gal)1 pint (pt) liter (1) 1 cubic meter (m]) .36 cubic feet (cu ft, ft3)1 quart (qt) liter (1) 1 cubic meter (in3) cubic yards (cu yd, yd])1 gallon (gal) = liters (1)1 cubic foot (cu ft, ft3) = cubiq meter (in3)1 cubic yard (cu yd, yd3) a cubic meter (in3)TEMPE RATU RE (EXACT) TEMPERATURE (EXACT)(N-c32)(5/9)J'F -yC (c(9/5) y + 3 2 1 C -x 'QUICK INC-H-CENTIMETER LENGTH CONVERSIONIN HE 0 2 4 5 6 7 89 10 CENTIMETERS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 3 24 22540* QUICK FAHRENHEIlT-CELSIUS TEMPERATURE CONVERSION-400.

6 22* .4 14' 32. so* 686 Be 100 1220 1400 Ise' 176' 190 212'c .40* .30' .200 .100 00 1o0 200 300 40 so. 600 70 0 0 goo go 1000 For more exact and or other conversion factors, see NBS Miscellaneous Publication 286, Units of Weights andMeasures. Price SD Catalog No. C1 3 OF CONTENTSS ection Page1. INTRODUCTION ..1 Objectives ..1 CRM Background and Philosophy .. 2 Principles of Crew Resource Management .. 8 CRM Training ..9 Summary .. 10 Overview of the handbook ..o ..o .. 112. CRM SKILLS ..o ..o..o..o ..o. 13 Communication Processes and Decision-Making .. 16 Communication .o ..16 Assertiveness .. 20 Decision-Making .. 23 Team Building and Maintenance .. 24 Leadership ..- ..24 Workload Management and Situational Awareness 28 Workload Management ..28 Stress M&nagement .. 313. IMPLEMENTING CRM TRAINING .. 33 The Systems Approach to Training .. 33 Step 1: Developing CRM Training ..o o ..33 Step 2: Implementing CRM Training ..45 Step 3: Evaluating CRM Training o .o ..48A Final Note on CRM Training.

7 514. SU 14 ARY .. 53 GLOSSARY .. 55 REFERENCE MATERIALS .. 59 VviChapter 1: IntroductionAviation Safety! This concept is readilyembraced by everyone in the aviationcommunity from flight crews to support staffto management. This was not always the casewith Crew Resource Management (CRM). Theconcept of crew resource management has beenboth blessed and cursed by those in has been cursed because the emphasis oncrew resource management is relatively new,and people often have a healthy, skepticalreaction to new ways of doing CRM is also blessed by many because ofwhat it can accomplish. Recent researchfindings suggest that crew resourcemanagement training can result in significantimprovements in flightcrew performance. Notsurprisingly, a growing number of people inthe Aviation community, from airlinemanagement to flight crews themselves, haveembraced crew resource management as aneffective approach to reducing flight errorsand increasin , Aviation safety. Currently,CRM programs have been implementedsuccessfully at a number of airlines, largeand small, civilian and of This HandbookThe objectives of this handbook are to fosteran understanding of the background andphilosophy of Crew Resource Management, andto provide an overview of the development,implementation, and evaluation of CRMtraining.

8 This handbook is written for Part135 and Part 121 carrier operators andmanagement, and is designed to serve as asupplement to Advisory Circular 120-51 asrevised, Crew Resource Background and PhilosophyIt is useful to distinguish between thephilosophy of crew resource management andthe implementation of crew resourcemanagement (CRM training). There is generalagreement within the Aviation communityregarding the principles underlying agree on key CRM concepts and the needto focus on crew skills and , there is less consensus regardinghow to implement CRM training. In fact,various training programs have appeared whichmeet the specific needs of individual variety of CRM training programs suggeststhat there are a number of ways to achieveeffective crew resource follows is a brief history of crewresource management, a discussion ofprinciples, and finally, an overview of 've been flying for over 90 years. Why CRMnow? The concept of crew resourcemanagement is not new. Anyone who thinksthat the Wright brothers did not makeeffective use of the resources at theirdisposal in 1903 at Kitty Hawk is certainlymistaken.

9 Similarly, military and civilianpilot training programs have touched on CRMtopics for years. NASA's John Lauber recallsthe saying that if an idea is new, itprobably isn't good, and if it is good, itprobably isn't new. So, while the conceptsunderlying CRM are not new, what is new isthe heightened emphasis on crew resourcemanagement as one key to increased the 1950s to the 1990s we have witnesseda steady decline in Aviation accidents (seeFigure 1). This decline in aviationaccidents has been attributed to betterequipment, better training, and betteroperating procedures. However, this happybig picture of system safety masks sometroubling data. As Figure 2 illustrates, asaccidents related to equipment weaknesseshave decreased, accidents attributed to humanweaknesses have increased. A comparison 1 40-- -----30z 2< 20a)60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 YEARF iure 1. Total accident rate for commercial rmrA worldwide, 1959-1990.(Excludes sabotage, mltay actlion, tubulence and evax'aton Injuries.

10 (Boeing Commercial Airplane Group, 1991)Figure 1 and Figure 2 suggests two , Figure 1 indicates that after a sharpdrop in the 1960s, accident rates haveleveled off from 1970 through 1990. Second,the trends in causes of accidents illustratedin Figure 2 show that human error hasremained a major contributing factor inaviation accidents during these latter CAUSESzw0L-0z000. MACHINE CAUSES0W TIME5 Figure 2. Changes in accident causal factors over time. (Internationalw Civil Aviation Organization, 1984)tY3 Industry estimates of causal factors in aircarrier accidents are shown in Figure 3. Bya conservative estimate, well over 60% ofaircraft accidents have been attributed tocrew-related actions. in brief, it seemsthat the "human factors" contribution toaviation accidents may be a difficult problemto A ?dacnt Percent of Total Accidents with Known CausesF=ctor T o 10 20 30 40 50 6o 70--TT ; -r'_lFlightorew 493 25iAirplane 124 31 Maintenance 21 7 Weather 34 9 Airport/ATC 37 12 I.,Also (Other) 47 23 Total withKnown Causes 56 207 Unknown or 1959 -1990 Awaiting 117 70-eporsa Lust 10 years (1981 -1990)Total 873 277 Figure 3.