2013 Water Crossing Design Guidelines

1 Washington Dept. of Fish and WildlifeWater Crossing Design Guidelines2013 Barnard, R. J., J. Johnson, P. Brooks, K. M. Bates, B. Heiner, J. P. Klavas, Ponder, Smith, and P. D. Powers (2013), Water Crossings Design Guidelines , Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, Washington. Water Crossing Design Guidelines WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE Published by Washington State Aquatic Habitat GuidelinesWater Crossing Design Guidelines 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of 1 Preface .. 8 Introduction .. 9 Evolution of Culvert Crossing Design .. 9 Evolution of Bridge Design .. 10 Chapter Guide .. 10 Chapter 1: Geomorphic Approach to Design .. 13 Summary .. 13 Introduction .. 13 Bankfull Width .. 13 Longitudinal Profile .. 14 Sediment .. 14 Potential Debris Loading.

2 15 Channel Pattern Type .. 15 Condition of Channel 16 16 Selecting a Crossing Method .. 17 Chapter 2: No-Slope Culvert Design Option .. 23 Summary .. 23 Introduction .. 23 Chapter 3: Stream Simulation Culvert Design Option .. 28 Summary .. 28 Description and 29 Suitability of The Site .. 31 Assessment Of The Adjacent Stream Reach .. 35 Culvert Type and Size .. 37 Culvert length .. 40 Culvert Bed 41 Scenario 1 .. 43 Scenario 2 .. 44 Culvert Bed Design .. 44 Water Crossing Design Guidelines 2 Reference Reach Approach .. 46 Unit-Discharge Bed Design .. 48 Bed Design by Paleohydraulic Analysis .. 49 Bed Material Gradation and Specification .. 50 Sediment-Gradation Example .. 52 Bed-material placement .. 53 WSDOT Streambed material specifications .. 65 Bed-Retention Sills .. 68 Chapter 4: Bridge Design Guidelines for Habitat Protection.

3 70 Summary .. 70 Objectives and Scope .. 71 General Considerations .. 72 Geomorphic Setting and Reach Analysis .. 73 General .. 73 Levels of Reach Analysis .. 74 Reach Characteristics .. 78 Channel Feature Descriptions .. 79 Floodplain Feature Descriptions .. 81 Selection of Bridge Length .. 83 Existing Bridge Condition and History .. 83 Confined channels .. 84 Floodplain and Overbank Areas .. 85 Lateral Channel Movement .. 89 Floodplain Management Regulations .. 90 Flood Control Features .. 90 Other Infrastructure .. 91 Height of Bridge, Approach Roads and Intermediate 92 Additional Requirements and Considerations .. 92 Hydraulic Requirements of WAC 220-110-070 .. 92 Environmental Aspects of Bridge Foundations and Erosion Protection Measures .. 95 Bridge Clearance .. 96 Bridge Replacements and Channel Modifications.

4 96 Bridge Rehabilitation .. 96 Water Crossing Design Guidelines 3 Miscellaneous Design and Construction Considerations .. 97 Documentation .. 99 Chapter 5: Temporary Culvert and Bridge Design .. 100 Chapter 6: Hydraulic Design Option .. 104 Summary .. 104 Description and 105 Fish Passage Requirements .. 106 Species And Size Of Fish .. 106 Species and Size of Fish Determine Velocity 107 Migration Timing .. 108 Hydrology .. 108 High Fish-Passage Design Flow .. 109 LOW FISH-PASSAGE Design FLOW .. 110 Culverts In Tidal Areas .. 110 Velocity and Depth .. 110 Backwater .. 111 Baffles .. 112 WSDOT Culvert Test Bed Juvenile Salmon Baffle Study .. 113 Baffle Styles .. 114 Baffle hydraulics .. 115 Design Guidelines For Baffles in Culverts .. 119 Roughened Channel .. 122 Design OF ROUGHENED CHANNELS .. 124 Maintenance and Inspection Plan for Fishways.

5 137 Inspection methods and critical criteria .. 138 Chapter 7: Channel Profile Adjustment .. 139 Summary .. 139 Introduction .. 139 Channel Steepening Options .. 142 Channel Headcut and Regrade Factors .. 142 Channel Profile Structures .. 147 Constructed Riffle and Cascade .. 150 Rigid Sills .. 151 Water Crossing Design Guidelines 4 Boulder Controls .. 155 Fishways .. 156 Chapter 8: Culvert and Bridge Removal or Abandonment .. 158 Chapter 9: Crossing Site Considerations .. 162 Summary .. 162 Introduction .. 162 Past Roadway Construction Practices .. 162 Balancing Social, Economic and Environmental Factors in Road Design .. 165 Land Use Planning .. 165 New Road and Highway Alignments .. 166 Existing Roads .. 167 Site Specific Design Considerations .. 168 Channel profile .. 169 Culvert alignment .. 169 Stream transitions.

6 172 Culvert length .. 172 Maintenance .. 172 Chapter 10: Tide Gates and Flood Gates .. 173 Summary .. 173 Introduction .. 173 Gate Types .. 174 Fish Passage .. 176 Tide Gates .. 176 Flood Gates .. 180 Chapter 11: Care of Road Runoff .. 182 Chapter 12: Design Process And Documents .. 184 Summary .. 184 Introduction .. 184 Existing Conditions .. 184 Project Feasibility .. 185 Contract Documents .. 185 Construction drawings .. 186 Principle drawing elements .. 186 Water Crossing Design Guidelines 5 Example drawings .. 188 Specifications .. 191 Chapter 13: Construction Considerations .. 192 Summary .. 192 Introduction .. 192 Construction Preparedness .. 193 Constructability .. 193 Contractor Experience .. 193 Construction 193 Common Project Considerations .. 194 Site Access .. 194 Construction Timing .. 196 Best Management Practices.

7 196 Erosion And Sediment Control .. 197 Cofferdams .. 197 Temporary crossings .. 198 Stream 198 complete 199 partial bypasses .. 200 Working In The Water Without A Bypass .. 200 Fish Exclusion .. 200 Restoration .. 200 Chapter 14: Monitoring .. 202 Summary .. 202 Introduction .. 202 Compliance Monitoring .. 203 No-slope Culverts .. 204 Stream Simulation Culverts .. 206 208 Appendix A: Glossary .. 210 Appendix B: Washington Culvert Regulations .. 214 RCW .. 214 WAC 220-110-070 Water Crossing structures.. 215 Water Crossing Design Guidelines 6 Appendix C: Measuring Channel Width .. 221 Summary .. 221 Introduction .. 221 Bankfull Width .. 222 Watershed Characteristics .. 223 Measuring Bankfull Width .. 225 Examples of Bankfull Width Measurements .. 226 Appendix D: Tidally Influenced Crossings .. 244 Summary.

8 244 Introduction .. 245 Fish Passage .. 245 Estuarine Opening Geomorphology - Hierarchy of Benefits .. 246 Introduction .. 246 Conceptual Models Of Openings .. 247 Impacts of Crossing size on barrier 248 Benefits of Increasing Bridge Crossing Size .. 249 Impacts Of Crossing Size And Location On River 255 Benefits of Increasing River Delta Estuary Opening Size .. 255 Benefits of Changing Bridge Crossing Location .. 260 Assessment .. 261 Level 261 Level 262 Level 262 Washington Harbor: Case Study of alternatives analysis in a Puget Sound Estuary .. 264 Appendix E: FEMA Policy on Fish Enhancement Structures .. 269 Appendix F: Road Impounded Wetlands .. 270 Summary .. 270 Introduction .. 271 Guiding Principles .. 271 Road Impounded Wetland Scenarios .. 272 Sediment Concerns .. 274 Evaluation Process .. 274 Threshold of concern.

9 275 Water Crossing Design Guidelines 7 Full Evaluation .. 275 Design Alternatives .. 278 Fish-related RIW Considerations .. 278 Roads as Dams .. 279 RIWs as 280 Mitigation .. 281 Appendix G: Design Flows for Fish Passage and High Flow .. 282 Introduction .. 282 Calculating the Fish Passage Design Flow for Western Washington .. 282 Determining Design Flood Flow .. 287 Appendix H: Water Crossing Habitat Impacts .. 288 Construction impacts .. 288 Geomorphic impacts .. 288 Riparian Impacts .. 289 Biological Impacts .. 289 Appendix I: References .. 291 NOTE: THIS IS A PRE-PRODUCTION DOCUMENT THAT HAS NOT YET UNDERGONE FINAL TECHNICAL EDITING AND FORMATTING. AS A RESULT, READERS MAY ENCOUNTER MINOR TYPOGRAPHICAL OR FORMATTING ERRORS. please SEND AN EMAIL TO TO REPORT ANY ERRORS OR TO PROVIDE COMMENTS FOR CONSIDERATION IN FUTURE UPDATES TO THE DOCUMENT.

10 Water Crossing Design Guidelines 8 PREFACE This edition of the Water Crossing Design Guidelines (previous editions titled Design OF ROAD CULVERTS FOR FISH PASSAGE) has been completely revised, including new chapters on bridge Design , tide gates, temporary crossings, culvert abandonment, and project plans. We hope that the guidance relays practical, real-world knowledge and techniques to improve the overall success of Water Crossing structures. In 2009 Price et. al. (Price, Quinn et al. 2010) evaluated 77 culverts permitted by WDFW and found that a surprising number failed to provide the most basic fish passage, and an even greater number did not comply with simple Design criteria that has been widely available since 1994. Specifically, of the 31 culverts that were designed and permitted according to the no-slope Design method (see Chapter 2), 45% failed the barrier standard (Washington Dept of Fish and Wildlife 2009) and 84% failed to meet the no-slope Design criteria set forth in the Washington Administrative Code (see Appendix B).