2017 「環境規制を見据えた舶用燃料の展望」

1 2017 22 4 2 2020 1 4 1 2 2 J/s=W kW 100 / 22020 SOx CO2 EEDI EEDI2020 -20 ( 2022 30% USA EEDI CO2 g ton mile (kW) x (g/kWh) x CO2 DWT (ton) x (mile/h) CO2 EEDI 3 2 1 LO 4 C HFO BFO 5 : Light Cycle Oil LCO C C MGO MDO Light Cycle Oil LCO 6 = = PM (Soot) (Marine Propulsion, April/May 2010) - 7 Desulfurized GODesulfurizedbottom CCAI CCAI FCA.)

2 HFO LCO Aromatics CCAI82 2020 3 CONCAWE HP 10 Global Cap 2020 / 12 10 ECA (Emission ControlArea) 2015 MGO 4000 / 11 ECA ECA CCAI EcoMarine IMO 2020 CCAI ECA 2020 ECA 12CN:35 CCAI:860 JPEC 17 2015 IMO SOx P10 LCO HCO CLO FCC 13 LCO SHELL IMO FCC 2020 Oil Major 15 US LCO Light Cycle Oil Gap fuel LCO FCC FCC FCC Cat-fine CLO LCO CLO LCO Clarified Oil 1415 Cat-fine 1997-2000 2 (LCO )

3 LCOIIILCO 0%100% LCO LCO100 16 01020304050600 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Aromatic CetaneIndexLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLC OLCOLCOLCOLCO1 HAMDOMDOGOGOLCO01020304050600 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Aromatic CetaneIndexLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLCOLC OLCOLCOLCOLCO1 HAMDOMDOGOGOLCO LCO Cetane Index Cetane Cetane IndexMDOLCOMDOGO0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Aromatic %1750 604030 20 10 0 by 18 Bore /Stroke : 190 mm /350 mm -stroke, Super-chargedEngine speed 500 rpm LCO LCO19 LCO Soot mm x 4 x 2 3 12 ATDC 70 MPa LCO LCO Soot mm x 4 x 2 3 12 ATDC 70 MPa 10 LCO 20 LCO ( Bore/Stroke.)

4 400/1350, 985 kW/178 rpm) LCO ( C) (at 50 load)Aromatic of tested LCO 65 PointMDOLCOP6351365 (+14)P11334351 (+17)P17230249 (+19)P20171184 (+13)C1219230 (+11)C3209220 (+11)C10225239 (+14)Aromatic 2101002003004000255075 Engine Load [ ]THC [ppm 13%O2]LCO2 MDO1821841861881901921941960255075 Engine Load [ ]SFC converted to Hu ofMDO( ) [g/kWh] Load [ ]FSN (Filter Smoke No.)LCO2 MDO05001000150020000255075 Engine Load [%]NOx [ppm 13%O2]LCO2 MDO LCO MDO: A 25 15 Total HCNOxLCO 22 BFO-S BFO-A Density kg/m3@15 CViscosity mm2/s @50 CMCRS ulfur VanadiumAl+Si CCAI Asphaltene % %ppmppm- %SampleBFO-S99035717 105< 80< PortCommentSampleBFO-SSingaporenon-troub leBFO-ALos Angelesscuffing for (2-stroke)container ships23P15 BFO-S BFO-A BFO-A 1 2 LCO 1-3 Rings Aromatic Hydrocarbons in BFORRRRRRR 0 5 10 15 wt % BFO-S 0 5 10 15 BFO-A 24 Air pressure and temperature: ( MPa, 670 C),Fuel injection pressure: 60 MPaInjection hole diameter.

5 Mm25 BFO-A (a)BFO-S(b) (fuel injection end at 25 ms)[ms] after injection start26 C 27 Gap-fuels can seriously hamper smooth engine operation, as they tend to give poor ignition and slow and incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion affects particulate emission and possibly leads to engine fouling, on the piston top-lands resulting in liner scuffing, or on the 07, Paper effects of a changing oil industry on marine fuel quality and how new and old analytical technique can be used to ensure predictable performance in marine diesel enginesKoen Steernberg, Shell Global Solutions International , The Netherlands Seymour Forget, Shell Marine Products Ltd., UK Gap Fuel Normal Fuel = Gap Fuel = Gap Fuel 28 GO SA GO LCO GO LCO LCO GO PropertyUnitSAGOLCOD ensitykg/m31031867934 Kinematic Viscositymm2/s (50 C)238* (*150 C) Index--4623 Lower Heating (total)vol.

6 %-42721-ring aromaticsvol. %-19222-ring aromaticsvol. %-17363-ring aromaticsvol. %-61429 Properties of the prepared self-made test fuels PropertyUnitGO40 LCO40 LCO70 Densitykg/m3931992964 KinematicViscositymm2/s(50 C) (EstimatedCetane No.) GO40 40 LCO40 LCO 40 ECN LCO70 LCO 70% SA : Straight Asphalt 30 Stop valveFuel tankCeramic insulatorCylindrical heater unitInner metal linerInjectorPressure pick-upManually actuated piston rod 65mmFIA (Fuel ignition analyzer)Definitions of ignition and combustion factor 010203040010203040321055504540msms[Bar/m s][Bar]Ignition delayCombustion durationPmaxROHRmaxFIA (Fuel Ignition Analyzer)31 NK FIA FIA C GO LCOLCO 40%(+ SA 60%)LCO 70%(+ SA 30%) Straight Asphalt (SA) 60%+GOKerosine40%LCO 100%40%010203040[msec].

7 BFO (Middle East)32 LCO 4 1500 121417171214171712 14 17 12 14 17 SA60%LCO70% SA30%33 Relation between micro carbon residue and density(MHI s service experience) 2008 1 18 700 1000 cSt 34 LO (CIMAC 2004 Kyoto)Inner dia : 2 mmTube length : 300 mmAluminumBlockFurnaceThermocoupleGlass TubeSample Lub. Oil (+BFO) ml / 16 hours (Normal) ml / 8 hours (This test)10 cc/min35 LO LO 180 200 C (A)(B)36 NK watch 2008 LO 37 CIMAC 2016 Helsinki Paper Scheme in Collaboration with Manufacturers making use of the diagnostic platform based on big data analysis T.

8 Fujii, DIESEL UNITED LTD.) LC-A Life Cycle Administrator NK IBM Anaconda ClassNK CMAXS LC-A 1 38 MethanolGas Oil LCO CLO(Zero sulfur) (Low sulfur) (Zero aroma)(High aroma)39 CH3OH LPG LCO (CIMAC 2016)200 mmGO( )Inj. Hole Dia. [mm] Inj. Press. 110 [MPa]Total Q [kJ] + + Pilot( )Inj. Hole Dia. [mm] Inj. Press. 100 [MPa]Total Q [kJ] 3 MPa LPG 200 mm 40GO( )Inj. Hole Dia. [mm] Inj. Press. 110 [MPa]Total Q [kJ] 3 MPa LPG 200 mmLPG + Pilot( )Inj.

9 Hole Dia. [mm] Inj. Press. 100 [MPa]Total Q [kJ]LPG+ PilotGO41 CIMAC 2016 )Payback 42 432020 LNG 50 2012 70 EcoNuri/ Incheon Port Authority (36m x 8m, KR)Bergensfjord/ Fjord 1 (130m x 20m, DNV)Viking Energy/ Eidesvik(95m x 20m, DNV)Bit Viking/ Tarbit Shipping (177m x 26m, GL)H ydal/ Nordnorsk Shipping (70m x 16m, DNV)Barentshav/ Norwegian Coast Guard (93m x 17m, DNV)Argonon/ Deen Shipping (110m x 16m, LR) Francisco/ Buquebus(99m x 26m, DNV) Seagas/ Sirius Shipping(50m x 11m, DNV) LNG HP Viking Grace/ Viking Line (218m x 32m, LR)A +17H2O + Q +24H2O + Q EEDI CO2 -20 25 ) 4 DieselGasCO2 NOxPM SOx44.

10 IMO ISO 45 LNG (2012)Ship to Ship StS LNG StS LNG LNG LNG LNG LNG Type C Shore to Ship Truck to Ship StS LNG 4647 LNG LNG LNG LNG (ESDS), (ERS, DBC)ERS (ERC) DBC ( )