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1 2018 2018. THE STATE OF. FOOD AND. AGRICULTURE. migration , AGRICULTURE. AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT. This flagship publication is part of THE STATE OF THE WORLD series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Required citation: FAO. 2018. The State of Food and Agriculture 2018. migration , agriculture and rural development. Rome. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

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5 CONTENTS. FOREWORD v CHAPTER 3. METHODOLOGY viii WHAT DRIVES RURAL migration : ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix DETERMINANTS, CONSTRAINTS AND. MIGRANT CHARACTERISTICS 49. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xi Key messages 49. CORE MESSAGES OF SOFA 2018 xii Conceptual framework for migration drivers 50. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii Macrofactors create incentives for rural migration 54. Intermediate conditioning factors can influence CHAPTER 1 the magnitude of rural migration 58. RURAL migration AND DEVELOPMENT: Who are the migrants and how are they LAYING THE GROUNDWORK 1 different from non-migrants? 61. Key messages 1. Protracted crises cause large human migration : a reflection of evolving societies 2 displacements and alter migration systems 68.

6 migration in changing contexts 4 Conclusions and policy implications 72. migration concepts and drivers: from totally voluntary to totally forced migration 5 CHAPTER 4. What is the role of rural areas in the IMPACTS OF migration ON AGRICULTURE. development- migration nexus? 8 AND RURAL AREAS 75. Structural transformation, rural urban linkages Key messages 75. and demographics in rural areas 13 migration impact channels 76. Different migration challenges country profiles Impacts of rural migration on communities of origin based on drivers of rural migration 13 are significant, but mixed 80. A territorial development approach can maximize Rural migration has indirect impacts on rural communities the benefits of rural migration for economic and the broader economy 87.

7 Transformation 17 Forced migration due to protracted crises disrupts Objectives of the report 19 rural livelihoods, but also offers potential benefits to host communities 92. Immigrants play a crucial role in maintaining CHAPTER 2. agriculture and rural livelihoods in developed countries 98. TRENDS AND PATTERNS OF RURAL migration 21. Key messages 21 Conclusions and policy implications 100. Numbers of international migrants have increased significantly, but much less as a share of total population 22 CHAPTER 5. migration AND ECONOMIC. International and internal rural migration are TRANSFORMATION: AN INTEGRATED. closely linked 29. POLICY APPROACH 103. Internal migration is a greater phenomenon than Key messages 103.

8 International migration 32 Policy objectives and challenges related to Many migrants are refugees or internally rural migration : the broad perspective 105. displaced people 42 Setting priorities for policy areas relevant to Conclusions 45 rural migration 107. Enhancing the development potential of migration 114. Conclusions 117. STATISTICAL ANNEX 118. REFERENCES 159. | ii |. TABLES, FIGURES AND BOXES. TABLES 8 Destinations of rural out-migrants 19 Relationship between migration by gender for selected countries 30 drivers and pools of actual and 1 Seasonal migrants as share of potential migrants 52. international and internal rural 9 Share of people planning to migrants for selected countries 29 migrate internationally in the following 20 Migrants' information sources 12 months by country income group prior to migration , by migration 2 Numbers of refugees by hosting and by internal migrants/ type and country 60.

9 Region 1990, 1995, 2000, non-migrants, 2013 31. 2005, 2010 and 2015 44 21 Proportion of internal and 10 Share of internal migrants international migrant age groups 3 Percentage change in planning to migrate internationally for selected countries (national employment status for rural urban in the following 12 months, by rural and rural levels) 63. migrants and rural non-migrants and urban area and by country based on previous status 22 Education levels of rural migrant income group, 2013 31. South Africa, 2008 2014 55 groups compared to those who 11 Shares of five-year internal remain in rural areas, Indonesia 4 Five dimensions of the 2016 migrants to rural and to urban areas and Kenya 64. OECD fragility framework 69 by country income group, 2013 34.

10 23 Reasons for out- migration from FIGURES 12 Share of population that migrated rural areas in selected countries, or remained based on childhood by gender 66. 1 migration decisions are mostly residence and current location . 24 Impact channels of migration 77. made under combinations of aggregate for 31 countries 36. coercive factors and free will 8 25 Share of households in rural 13 Share of population that migrated and urban areas that receive 2 A schematic representation or remained based on childhood international remittances 79. of migration flows considered in residence and current location . this report 12 selected countries 37 26 Household activities previously undertaken by male and female 3 A typology of country 14 Share of national population migrants 82.