第9章膨張宇宙 - 東海大学

1 1/12 22 10 7 I. v Ld 0LH d=v Edwin Powell Hubble, 1889 11 20 -1953 9 28 1929 2001 072 km/(s Mpc)H= ( ) 1 [ ] sLdv 0 Ht 10 s 137 LHdtH= = = = v( ) 0t Ht 1 2010 ( ) km/(s Mpc) NASA WMAP Mpc = 330 = 1019km16 1/10 2/12 22 10 7 0137 Htt = ( ) 3 2 4 3 II.

2 Red shift l 0l ( )00zl ll-=>( ) 8 I. z ()2000112 LLH dH dzqcc =+-+ ( ) Ld 0q ()R t 0t 3/12 22 10 7 ( )()( )( )()20200020a td R tqq tHa tR tdt = - =( ) ( ) 1 v w w x 4 ( )

3 0, ,0,0, ,0,0 & 0 EEppkppcccmw =-=-= = > ( ) 4 p ( )0000221111111ppccccpppccccww- -+++ === = ---- vvvvvvvv( ) , l l 22, ccppllww == ( ) ( ) 11ccll- =+vv( ) 1c v ( ) ( )( )211 00 01cf xfxfxxccclll- = -=+ = + :vvvv( ) ( ) 0, l l l l 0zcl ll-= v( ) 0LH d=v 0LH dzc ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) z Ld III.

4 4/12 22 10 7 2 CMB: cosmic microwave background BBN: Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis CMB: cosmic microwave background 1948 Sir Fred Hoyle, , 1915 6 24 2001 8 20 1948 George Gamow.

5 1904 3 4 1968 8 19 2 1950 7 21922 Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman, , 1888 6 16 1925 9 16 1927 Georges-Henri Lema tre, , 1894 7 17 1966 6 20 5/12 22 10 7 Arno Allan Penzias, , 1933 4 26 Robert Woodrow Wilson.

6 1936 1 10 1964 3 CMB Black Body Radiation CMB KT ( )r e ( )33 381kTddc heep e er e e=-( ) E & hce n l n== ( )( )( )000dddr e e r n n r l l === E( ) ( )r n ( )r l ( )( )235881 , 11hhckTkThhcceenlpn npr nr ll==--( ) ( )

7 R l CMB CMB 1992 COBE cosmic background Explorer 2001 WMAP Wilkinson microwave Anisotropy Probe CMB COBE WMAP 6/12 22 10 7 1964 KT= COBE 1992 COBE KT= K 10 1 WMAP 2001 WMAP 137 ( ) 109 780 4% 23% 73% CDM (71 4) km/(s Mpc) WMAP 2010 9 8 PLANCK 2009 2009 5 14 ESA.

8 European Space Agency 5 Planck 3 31918 Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck 7/12 22 10 7 2010 7 BBN: Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis fire ball ylem n p e- ().

9 Eenp en n- + + 1948 Ralph Asher Alpher 1921 2 3 2007 8 12 Hans Albrecht Bethe 1906 7 2 2005 3 6 2 K 10-5 1. (p) (n) (2H) 2. (3H) 3(3He) 3.

10 4(4He) (1H) 1858 4 23 1947 10 4 8/12 22 10 7 4 2 5 7(7Li) 7(7Be) 8 1 1 t T [ ]()()2sK 1tT- ( )