A DIPLOMAT’S HANDBOOK

1 A diplomat S HANDBOOKfor Democracy Development SupportThird EditionJeremy Kinsman and Kurt BassuenerA diplomat S HANDBOOKA diplomat S HANDBOOKfor Democracy Development SupportThird EditionJeremy Kinsman and Kurt BassuenerPublished by The Centre for International Governance Innovation in partnership with the Council for a Community of Democracies. 2013 The Centre for International Governance book has been compiled from the contributions of the author(s) indicated in each chapter, and the copyright in respect of each chapter resides with the author(s) of each RIGHTS RESERVED.

2 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, application for which should be addressed to The Centre for International Governance Innovation, 57 Erb Street West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 6C2 or 978-9867077-8-0 (paper) ISBN 978-9867077-9-7 (ebook)The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Centre for International Governance Innovation or its Operating Board of Directors or International Board of has been taken to trace the ownership of copyright material contained in this book.

3 The publisher will gladly receive any information that will enable them to rectify any reference or credit line in subsequent Centre for International Governance Innovation thanks and acknowledges the Council for a Community of Democracies for its partnership in publishing the third edition of A diplomat s HANDBOOK for Democracy Development by The Centre for International Governance and bound in Centre for International Governance Innovation 57 Erb Street West Waterloo, ON Canada N2L for a Community of Democracies 1801 F Street NW, Suite 308 Washington, DC the diplomat s HANDBOOK xiIn Memoriam xiiiPrefacexvMinisters Foreword xviiIntroduction to the Third Edition 11 The Rationale for Democratic Solidarity 5 The Lives of Others.

4 The Counter-rationale 6 The Democratic Process and Non-violent Change 82 The International Context 19 The Solidarity of International Civil Society 19A New Paradigm for Diplomacy 20 Implications of an Era of Global Communications 21A Diplomacy of Commitment 24A Multilateral Project for Democracy Support and the Community of Democracies26A HANDBOOK to Support Diplomatic Democratic Commitment 313 The diplomat s Tool Box 353535374880 IntroductionFive Caveats Tool Box Resources and Assets Fifteen Ways That Diplomats Have Made a Difference The Partners and Applications The Power of Individuals 89A diplomat S HANDBOOK FOR DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT SUPPORTvi4 Conclusions 97 Case Studies 991 Tunisia: Igniting Arab Democracy 101 Introduction: A Movement Begins 102 Historical Background 104 Protest106 The Morning After 110 Tools for Supporting Democracy 118 Using the diplomat s Tool Box in Tunisia 119 Conclusion: Democracy with a Dash of Harissa 1392 Russia and Democracy 143 Introduction: Understanding the Russian Experience 143 Russian Exceptionalism 143 Part I: Russian Democratic Transitions Before 2000 145 But How to Reform?

5 A Question Unanswered 146 The NATO Expansion Issue 155 Norm-givers and Norm-takers 157 More Shock Than Therapy? 158 Dire Times and Drastic Measures 159 Events, Events, Events 161 Western Aid: How Much and How Effective? 163TV and Oil 174 NGOs and Civil Society in Russia 178 The Public Has Its Opinions 181 The Return 183 Going Forward 184 Part II: Diplomacy on the Ground 186 The diplomat s Tool Box: Resources and Assets 186 Ways That Diplomats Are Making a Difference 191 Conclusions: Kuda Idyot Russiya? ( Whither Russia? ) 1973 Cuban Exceptionalism 201201203 IntroductionCuban History Cuba Today: Socio-economic Atrophy 208viiCONTENTSR esources and Assets of Democratic Diplomats in Cuba 215 Applications218 Summing Up/Looking Forward 2284 Can Egyptians Build a Consensus for Functioning Democracy?

6 231 Introduction232 Ways Diplomatic Assets Have Been Applied in Egypt 249 Conclusion2605 Democracy and the Chinese Dream 267 Introduction267 China Today 268 Looking at the Past to Understand the Present 270 Institutional Challenges 281 Civil Society and NGOs 286 Diplomatic Resources and Assets 287 Applying the Assets to Make a Difference 289 Conclusion3076 Ukraine: Independence, Revolution, Disappointment and Regression 313 Introduction313 Resources and Assets of Diplomats in Ukraine, 2004 314 Ways These Assets Were Applied to Make a Difference in Ukraine 315 Epilogue322 Conclusion3287 Belarus: Europe s Last Dictatorship 331 Introduction331 International Policy Responses 338 Resources and Assets of Diplomats in Belarus 341 Using the diplomat s Tool Box In Belarus 342 Conclusion/Looking Forward 3518 The Beginning of a Road?

7 Burma/Myanmar s Uncertain Transition 353 Introduction353 International Policy Postures 364 Resources and Assets of Diplomats in Burma/Myanmar 374 Ways Diplomatic Assets Were Applied in Burma/Myanmar 376 Conclusion: The Challenge of an Uncertain Transition 384A diplomat S HANDBOOK FOR DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT viii9 Zimbabwe: An African Tragedy 389389402404412 Introduction Diplomatic Assets Tool Box Application What Lessons Learned? Conclusion41410 The Fall and Rise of Chilean Democracy: 1973 1989 417 Introduction417 International Policy Toward the Pinochet Regime 422 Resources and Assets of Diplomats in Chile 424 Ways These Assets Were Applied to Make a Difference in Chile 425 Conclusion43011 South Africa.

8 The Long Road to Freedom 433 Introduction433 The External Environment 435 Diplomatic Resources in South Africa and Their Applications in Support of Democracy 438 Applications440 Conclusion444 Author Biographies 445ixACRONYMSAK Justice and Development Party (Turkey)AMG Advisory and Monitoring Group (OSCE)ANC African National CongressASEAN Association of Southeast Asian NationsBOP Brigade of Public Order (Tunisia)CCD Council for a Community of DemocraciesCCP Chinese Communist PartyCEC Central Election Commission (Ukraine)CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy (EU)CIDA Canadian International Development AgencyCIGI The Centre for International Governance InnovationCIO Central Intelligence Organization (Zimbabwe)CIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCPR Congress for the Republic (Tunisia)CSCE Commission on Security and Cooperation in EuropeCSO Conflict and Stabilization Operations (US Department of State Bureau)DFLL Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties (Tunisia)EHU European Humanities UniversityFAO UN Food and Agriculture OrganizationFAR Revolutionary Armed Forces (Cuba)

9 FSB Federal Security Service of the Russian FederationGDR German Democratic RepublicGFW Great FirewallGONGO government-organized NGOsICCPR International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights IDEA International Institute for Democracy and Electoral AssistanceIMF International Monetary FundIFI international financial institutionIFIT Institute for Integrated TransitionsIOM International Organization for MigrationIRI International Republican InstituteIWP Institute of World PolicyJOC Joint Operations Centre (Zimbabwe)MAP Membership Action Plan (NATO)MDC Movement for Democratic Change (Zimbabwe)A diplomat S HANDBOOK FOR DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT SUPPORTxMENA Middle East and North AfricaMP Member of ParliamentNDI National Democratic InstituteNDP National Democratic Party (Egypt)NGO non-governmental organizationNLD National League for Democracy (Burma/Myanmar)NPC National People s Congress (China)NYU New York UniversityOAS Organization of American StatesODIHR Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE)

10 OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentOIF Organization of Francophone CountriesOSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in EuropePACE Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of EuropePDP Progressive Democratic Party (Tunisia)PLO Palestine Liberation OrganizationPPP Popular Petition Party (Tunisia)RCD Democratic Constitutional Rally Party (Tunisia)RMB renminbiSABC South African Broadcasting CorporationSADC Southern African Development CommunitySADF South African Defence ForceSIDA Swedish International Development AgencySLORC State Law and Order Restoration Council (Burma/Myanmar)SPDC State Peace and Development Council (Burma/Myanmar)SSR Soviet Socialist Republic (Belarus)TNC Transitional National Council (Libya)UDF United Democratic Front (South Africa)UGTT Union G n rale Tunisienne du TravailUN United NationsUNHCR UN