A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability …

1 A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems Elinor Ostrom Science 325, 419 (2009);. DOI: This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. If you wish to distribute this article to others, you can order high-quality copies for your colleagues, clients, or customers by clicking here. Downloaded from on March 20, 2012. Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles can be obtained by following the guidelines here. The following resources related to this article are available online at (this information is current as of March 20, 2012 ): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at: Supporting Online Material can be found at: A list of selected additional articles on the Science Web sites related to this article can be found at: #related This article cites 21 articles, 11 of which can be accessed free: #ref-list-1.

2 This article has been cited by 11 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science This article has been cited by 19 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: #related-urls This article appears in the following subject collections: Sociology Science (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. Copyright 2009 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Science is a registered trademark of AAAS. SPECIALSECTION.

3 It can address the inherent heterogeneity in who within a community (25). As the flow of ideas 17. E. L. Rezende, J. E. Lavabre, P. R. Guimar es Jr., meets whom. This application can be extended to among seemingly unrelated fields increases (a P. Jordano, J. Bascompte, Nature 448, 925 (2007). 18. O. L. Petchey, A. Eklof, C. Borrvall, B. Ebenman, social networks as a way to estimate the spread of characteristic attribute of research on complex Am. Nat. 171, 568 (2008). disease (30) and the evolution of cooperation (31) systems), we envision the creation of more pow- 19. A. Dobson et al., Ecology 87, 1915 (2006).

4 In heterogeneous societies. erful models that are able to more accurately 20. R. D. Holt, in Multitrophic Interactions in Terrestrial predict the responses to perturbations of food Ecosystems, A. C. Gange, V. K. Brown, Eds. Conclusions (Blackwell Science, Oxford, 1997), pp. 333 349. webs, a major challenge for today's ecologist. 21. U. Brose, R. J. Williams, N. D. Martinez, Ecol. Lett. 9, Networks are useful descriptors of ecological 1228 (2006). systems that can show the composition of and References and Notes 22. E. L. Berlow et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106, 187. interactions between multiple elements.

5 The 1. C. Darwin, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural (2009). Selection (John Murray, London, 1859). 23. U. Bastolla et al., Nature 458, 1018 (2009). application of networks to ecosystems provides 24. C. J. Meli n, J. Bascompte, P. Jordano, V. K ivan, Oikos 2. J. E. Cohen, Food Webs and Niche Space (Princeton Univ. a conceptual Framework to assess the conse- Press, Princeton, NJ, 1978). 118, 122 (2009). quences of perturbations at the community level. 3. S. L. Pimm, Food Webs (Chapman & Hall, London, 1982). 25. J. M. Tylianakis, R. K. Didham, J. Bascompte, D. A. This may serve as a first step toward a more pre- 4.

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7 Theories of populations, diseases, and societies. 7. J. M. Montoya, S. L. Pimm, R. V. Sol , Nature 442, 259 (2006). 29. R. J. Dyer, J. D. Nason, Mol. Ecol. 13, 1713 (2004). Finally, networks have allowed us to find gener- 8. R. Milo et al., Science 298, 824 (2002). 30. J. P. Aparicio, M. Pascual, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B. 9. D. B. Stouffer, J. Camacho, W. Jiang, L. A. N. Amaral, 274, 505 (2007). alities among seemingly different systems that, 31. H. Ohtsuki, C. Hauert, E. Lieberman, M. A. Nowak, Nature Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 274, 1931 (2007). despite their disparate nature, may have similar 10.

8 M. Kondoh, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 16631 441, 502 (2006). processes of formation and/or similar forces act- (2008). 32. I thank Bersier, P. Buston, J. E. Cohen, J. Dunne, ing on their architecture in order to be functional. 11. J. Bascompte, C. J. Meli n, E. Sala, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. M. A. Fortuna, R. D. Holt, P. Jordano, T. Keitt, J. Lavabre, 102, 5443 (2005). R. M. May, J. Olesen, D. Stouffer, G. Sugihara, Although we have only begun to understand how J. N. Thompson, J. Tylianakis, and two anonymous 12. S. B. Otto, B. C. Rall, U. Brose, Nature 450, 1226 (2007). changes in the environment affect species inter- 13.

9 J. N. Thompson, The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution reviewers for comments on a previous draft. P. Jordano, actions and ecosystem dynamics through analyses (Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005). A. Aparicio, and M. A. Fortuna provided material for of simple pairwise interactions, network think- 14. J. Bascompte, P. Jordano, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 38, Fig. 1. Funded by the European Heads of Research 567 (2007). Councils, the European Science Foundation, and the ing can provide a means by which to assess key European Community Sixth Framework Programme 15. J. A. Dunne, R. Williams, N. Martinez, Ecol.

10 Lett. 5, 558. questions such as how overfishing can cause (2002). through a European Young Investigator Award. trophic cascades, or how the disruption of mutual- 16. J. Memmott, N. M. Waser, M. V. Price, Proc. R. Soc. isms may reduce the entire pollination service London Ser. B 271, 2605 (2004). PERSPECTIVE. users (fishers), and governance systems (orga- nizations and rules that govern fishing on that A General Framework coast) are relatively separable but interact to produce outcomes at the SES level, which in turn feed back to affect these subsystems and their for Analyzing Sustainability of components, as well other larger or smaller SESs.