A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National ...

1 A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division Presents Periodic Table of the Elements A Resource for Elementary, Middle School, and High School Students Click an element for more information: Group**. Period 1 18. IA VIIIA. 1A 8A. 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 2. 1 H IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA He 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 13 14 15 16 17 18. 8 9 10 11 12. 3 Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB ------- VIII IB IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B ------- 1B 2B ------- 8 ------- 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36.

2 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54. 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe (98) 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86. 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn (210) (210) (222). 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 118. 7 Fr Ra Ac~ Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt --- --- --- --- --- --- (223) (226) (227) (257) (260) (263) (262) (265) (266) () () () () () (). (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM]. A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71.

3 Lanthanide Series* Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu (147) 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103. Actinide Series~ Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr (231) (238) (237) (242) (243) (247) (247) (249) (254) (253) (256) (254) (257). ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions. For a list of a the element names and symbols in alphabetical order, click here Download this Web Site to your computer (Adobe Acrobat format - PDF). Get Adobe Acrobat Reader for free Questions - Comments - Feedback Send an email to What is the Periodic Table ? How to use the Periodic Table Click here to see Mendeleev's original Periodic Table Chemistry in a Nutshell Naming New Elements [ LANL | DOE | Disclaimer ].

4 Last Updated: 5/10/2001. (2 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM]. A Periodic Table of the Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory about this resource (3 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:20 PM]. Hydrogen Hydrogen For rocket fuel Atomic Number: 1. Atomic Symbol: H. Atomic Weight: Electron Configuration: 1s1. History (Gr. hydro, water, and genes, forming) Hydrogen was prepared many years before it was recognized as a distinct substance by Cavendish in 1776. Named by Lavoisier, hydrogen is the most abundant of all Elements in the universe. The heavier Elements were originally made from Hydrogen or from other Elements that were originally made from Hydrogen.

5 Sources Hydrogen is estimated to make up more than 90% of all the atoms or three quarters of the mass of the universe. This element is found in the stars, and plays an important part in powering the universe through both the proton-proton reaction and carbon-nitrogen cycle -- stellar hydrogen fusion processes that release massive amounts of energy by combining Hydrogen to form Helium. Production of hydrogen in the alone now amounts to about 3 billion cubic feet per year. Hydrogen is prepared by steam on heated carbon, decomposition of certain hydrocarbons with heat, action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on aluminum electrolysis of water, or displacement from acids by certain metals.

6 Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only 20 degrees above absolute zero. Tritium is readily produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen bomb. Hydrogen is the primary component of Jupiter and the other gas giant planets. At some depth in the planet's interior the pressure is so great that solid molecular hydrogen is converted to solid metallic (1 of 3) [5/17/2001 4:06:21 PM]. Hydrogen hydrogen. In 1973, a group of Russian experimenters may have produced metallic hydrogen at a pressure of Mbar. At the transition the density changed from to g/cm3.

7 Earlier, in 1972, at Livermore, California, a group also reported on a similar experiment in which they observed a pressure-volume point centered at 2 Mbar. Predictions say that metallic hydrogen may be metastable; others have predicted it would be a superconductor at room temperature. Compounds Although pure Hydrogen is a gas we find very little of it in our atmosphere. Hydrogen gas is so light that uncombined Hydrogen will gain enough velocity from collisions with other gases that they will quickly be ejected from the atmosphere. On earth, hydrogen occurs chiefly in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, coal, etc.

8 It is present as the free element in the atmosphere, but only to the extent of less than 1 ppm by volume. The lightest of all gases, hydrogen combines with other Elements -- sometimes explosively -- to form compounds. Uses Great quantities are required commercially for the fixation of nitrogen from the air in the Haber ammonia process and for the hydrogenation of fats and oils. It is also used in large quantities in methanol production, in hydrodealkylation, hydrocracking, and hydrodesulfurization. Other uses include rocket fuel, welding, producing hydrochloric acid, reducing metallic ores, and filling balloons.

9 The lifting power of 1 cubic foot of hydrogen gas is about lb at 0C, 760 mm pressure. The Hydrogen Fuel cell is a developing technology that will allow great amounts of electrical power to be obtained using a source of hyrogen gas. Consideration is being given to an entire economy based on solar- and nuclear-generated hydrogen. Public acceptance, high capital investment, and the high cost of hydrogen with respect to today's fuels are but a few of the problems facing such an economy. Located in remote regions, power plants would electrolyze seawater; the hydrogen produced would travel to distant cities by pipelines.

10 Pollution-free hydrogen could replace natural gas, gasoline, etc., and could serve as a reducing agent in metallurgy, chemical processing, refining, etc. It could also be used to convert trash into methane and ethylene. Forms Quite apart from isotopes, it has been shown that under ordinary conditions hydrogen gas is a mixture of two kinds of molecules, known as ortho- and para-hydrogen, which differ from one another by the spins of their electrons and nuclei. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% of the para form and 75% of the ortho form. The ortho form cannot be prepared in the pure state.