A Student Introduction to Solar Energy - edX

1 Solar EnergyCopyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use EnergyFundamentals, Technology, and SystemsKlaus J gerOlindo IsabellaArno SmetsRen van SwaaijMiro ZemanCopyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use 2014, Delft University of TechnologyTypeset in DejaVu Sans Condensed and URW Palatino with LATEXAll rights part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means without the prior writtenpermission of the copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use , we present the first version of our bookSolarEnergy.

2 Fundamentals, Technology and Systemsand hopethat it will be a useful source that helps our readers tostudy the different topics of Solar covers the topics that are treated in the three lec-tures on photovoltaics (PV) that are taught at the DelftUniversity of Technology throughout the AcademicYear: PV Basics, PV Technology, and PV Systems. Inaddition the book also covers other forms of Solar en-ergy, in particular Solar Thermal applications and SolarFuels. Many of the topics that are discussed in thisbook are also covered in theMassive Open Online Course(MOOC) on Solar Energy (DelftX, ) that isgiven by Arno Smets on theedXplatform and starts on1 September students of this MOOC are the first ones that willuse this book for studying Solar Energy .

3 As this is thevery first version, surely several small errors will bepresent throughout the text. We kindly ask the studentsto give us feedback, so that all the errors and typos canbe eliminated quickly. Please let us also know if some-thing is not clear or should be explained more can be given on such a book is not possible without a lot ofsupport from others. We want to express our specialThanks to Arianna Tozzi, who provided us with themodel on estimating the effect of wind speed and ir-radiance on the module temperature that we presentin Further, we are very grateful on the in-formation on real-life PV systems provided by Stephanvan Berkel.

4 Ravi Vasudevan and Do Yun Kim are ac-knowledged for their discussions on PV systems. Wealso want to thank Mirjam Theelen for providing feed-back on the sections on CIGS and CdTe technolo-gies. Further, we want to thank all the students thatprovided feedback during the 2013/14 PV Systems lec-ture given at Delft University of , the Netherlands1 September 2014vCopyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use this Book1I Introduction31 definitions.

5 And world Energy consumption.. of Energy Conversion..112 Status and prospects of PV technology153 The Working Principle of a Solar Cell23II PV Fundamentals274 Electrodynamic electromagnetic theory.. waves..30viiCopyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use of flat interfaces.. in absorptive media.. and Poisson equations..355 Solar Sun.. properties.. radiation.. duality.. spectra..456 Basic Semiconductor .. structure.. concentrations.. properties..607 Generation and Recombination of Electron-Hole.

6 Processes.. Recombination.. Recombination.. concentration in non-equilibrium..818 Semiconductor .. junctions..98 Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use Solar Cell Parameters and Equivalent Solar cell parameters.. external quantum efficiency.. equivalent circuit.. 10910 Losses and Efficiency The thermodynamic limit.. The Shockley-Queisser Limit.. Other Losses.. Design Rules for Solar Cells.. 126 III PV Technology13511 A Little History of Solar Cells13712 Crystalline Silicon Solar Crystalline silicon.

7 Production of silicon wafers.. Fabricating Solar cells.. High-efficiency concepts.. 15713 Thin-film Solar Transparent conducting oxides.. The III-V PV technology.. Thin-film silicon technology.. Chalcogenide Solar cells.. Organic Photovoltaics.. Hybrid organic-inorganic Solar cells.. 203 Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use Third Generation Multi-junction Solar cells.. Spectral conversion.. Multi-exciton generation.. Intermediate band Solar cells.

8 Hot carrier Solar cells.. 214IV PV Systems21715 Introduction to PV Introduction .. Types of PV systems.. Components of a PV system.. 22316 Location The position of the sun.. The sun path at different locations.. The equation of time.. Irradiance on a PV module.. Direct and diffuse irradiance.. Shadowing.. 24617 Components of PV PV modules.. Maximum power point tracking.. Photovoltaic Converters.. Batteries.. Cables.. 298 Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use PV System A simple approach for designing off-grid systems.

9 Load profiles.. Meteorological effects.. Designing grid-connected PV-system.. Designing off-grid PV systems.. 33219 PV System Economics and PV System Economy.. PV System Ecology.. 345V Alternative Methods of Solar Energy Utilisation34920 Solar Thermal Solar thermal basics.. Solar thermal heating.. Concentrated Solar power (CSP).. 36421 Solar Electrolysis of water.. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting.. 373 Appendix381A Derivations in The Maxwell equations.. Derivation of the electromagnetic wave equation.

10 Properties of electromagnetic waves.. 385 Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use Derivation of Derivation of theJ-Vcharacteristic in dark.. Derivation of theJ-Vcharacteristic under illumination.. 394C Atomic force microscopy and statistical Atomic force microscopy (AFM).. Statistical parameters.. 398 Bibliography401 Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014 This copy is provided for free, for personal use this BookThis book aims to cover all the topics that are relevantfor getting a broad overview on the different aspects ofSolar Energy , with a focus onphotovoltaics, which is thetechnology that allows to convert Energy transported inlight directly into electrical Organisation of this book is roughly linked to thethree lectures on photovoltaics (PV)