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1 INTEGRATED SOLID. WASTE MANAGEMENT. FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. A Practical Guide Asian Development bank . INTEGRATED SOLID. WASTE MANAGEMENT. FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. INTEGRATED. A Practical Guide SOLID. WASTE MANAGEMENT. FOR LOCAL. GOVERNMENTS. A Practical Guide Asian Development bank . Creative Commons Attribution IGO license (CC BY IGO). 2017 Asian Development bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444; Fax +63 2 636 2444. Some rights reserved. Published in 2017. ISBN 978-92-9257-837-4 (Print), 978-92-9257-838-1 (e-ISBN). Publication Stock No. TIM178662-2. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.

2 The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term country . in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution IGO license (CC BY IGO). By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at #openaccess This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.

3 ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo. Notes: In this publication, $ refers to US dollars. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at Unless specified, all photos and figures by Lyndsay Chapple. Printed on recycled paper contents iv Tables, Figures, and Box v Foreword viii Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Abbreviations xii Introduction SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. PLANNING. 1 Types of Municipal Solid Waste Characterization Audits 3 Municipal Solid Waste Characterization and Tonnage Determination Procedures WASTE PROCESSING landfill operations 6 Waste Minimization AND DIVERSION. 79 Stormwater Runoff Management 8 Plastic Bags 33 Recycling 81 Landfill Gas Management 11 Information, Education, and 37 Composting 84 Layout and Cell Development Communication Plans 40 Waste-to-Energy Emissions 87 Overview of Cell Operation 15 Climate Change-Responsive Management 90 Waste Compaction Approach to Solid Waste 42 Waste Pretreatment Required for 82 Litter Management Management Waste-to-Energy Incinerators 94 Fire and Pest Management 18 Integrated Solid Waste Management 44 Refuse-Derived Fuels 96 Waste Pickers or Scavengers Plan Implementation: Evaluation 46 Overview of Waste-to-Energy 99 Reporting and Complaints Register and Diagnosis Options for Developing Countries 101 Environmental Monitoring and Management Plans WASTE CATEGORIES landfill Development contract issues 21 Management of Specific 49 Siting Guidelines 103 Private Sector Participation.

4 Waste Types 52 Geotechnical Assessments Packaging Options 23 Difficult Wastes 55 Appropriate Standard for a Waste 107 Public Private Partnerships in the Solid 25 Special Wastes Disposal Facility Waste Sector: Can They Succeed? 58 Dumpsite Remediation 108 Public Private Partnership Contracts in 61 Controlled Landfill Sizing and the Philippines WASTE CONTAINERS Design Guidelines 110 Finding Bankable Solutions for Public . AND COLLECTION 67 Life Extension and Reprofiling Private Partnership Termination Fees 29 Waste Containers and Collection 69 Lining Systems 112 Public Private Partnership Project 72 Overview of Leachate Management Stakeholders: Understanding Potential 74 Leachate Collection Systems and Internal Conflicts Lagoon Issues 76 Leachate Treatment Plants 115 References Tables, Figures, and Box Tables 1 Common Issues and Solutions in Information, Education, and Communication Campaigns 12.

5 2 Typical Composition of Landfill Waste by Type and Amount 34. 3 Different Types of Waste Sorting Technologies 42. 4 Impacts of Removing Certain Municipal Solid Waste Fractions on the Incineration Process 43. 5 Infiltration Rates for Different Soil Types 53. 6 Waste Disposal Facility Options 56. 7 Steps for Controlled Landfill Sizing and Design 63. 8 Composition of Landfill Leachate 77. 9 Required Thickness for Different Materials of Gravel Blanket 82. 10 Sample Activity and Corresponding Action in an Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan 101. 11 Types of Private Sector Participation and Main Benefits 105. Figures 1 Waste Management Hierarchy 6. 2 Container Deposit Flowchart 7. 3 Information Flow and Actions 18. 4 Efficiency and Effectiveness Related to Planning and Budgeting 19. 5 Waste Management Hierarchy 33. 6 Typical Plot of Cumulative Infiltration versus Time 54.

6 7 Treatment Process for a Sophisticated Leachate Treatment System 78. 8 Local Gas Blanket Intercepter 82. 9 Cross Section through Stage 1 (top) and Cross Section through Final Landfill (bottom) 88. 10 Sample Daily Landfill Diary Entry Page 99. 11 Municipality-Led Institutional Model for Solid Waste Management 104. 12 Public Private Institutional Model for Solid Waste Management 104. 13 Spectrum of Private Sector Participation in Infrastructure and Development Projects 105. Box Comparison of Bag Types, According to Material and Cost 9. iv Foreword Bambang Susantono Vice-President for Knowledge Management and Sustainable Development Asian Development bank A. sia has the fastest-growing population in the world, rising by 29% over the past 2 decades. This equates to more than 120,000 people every day moving to Asian cities. By 2050, urban areas will account for more than 65% of Asia's total population, doubling to more than billion people.

7 Globally, more than 10 billion metric tons of solid waste is generated annually from urban households, commerce, industry, and construction, of which Asia accounts for less than 25%. This is forecast to make up over 50% of global solid waste production by 2030. In fact, according to the Global Waste Management Outlook published by the United Nations Environment Programme and International Environmental Technology Centre in 2016, lower-income cities in Asia will double their solid waste generation within 15 20 years. Strategy 2020, the long-term strategic framework of the Asian Development bank (ADB), highlights infrastructure and environment as two of the five core areas of operations, and private sector Development and private sector operations as one of five drivers of change. ADB's Urban Operational Plan 2012 2020 calls for increased investment in solid waste management and the adoption of innovative financing mechanisms.

8 However, solid waste management remains one of the most neglected areas of municipal services and infrastructure in Asia, with ADB funding only a small number of projects greater than 1,000 metric tons per day over recent years, mainly as part of opportunity-based activities integrated with other urban infrastructure, and with limited strategic focus. Relevant and practical integrated waste management approaches for medium to large cities remain a pressing need in most developing member countries to help them attain environmental sustainability and improve the quality of life of their citizens. It is thus evident that ADB needs to raise its effort to help developing member countries develop holistic, citywide solid waste management strategies and translate those into technically feasible and commercially viable projects. There are many public health and environmental impacts of poor waste management practices.

9 Overall, the cost of inaction to society exceeds the financial cost of proper waste management by a factor of up to 10. The potential impact of improved waste management on reducing greenhouse gas emissions alone is estimated at 15% 20% across the economy. However, the benefits of improved solid waste management are much more than just economical and environmental. A clean city is a successful city, presenting a healthy, pleasant, and safe place to live; it is a good place to do business and visit as a tourist; and, equally important, it fosters a sense of community and belonging. Indeed, addressing waste management as a priority will facilitate early progress toward more than half of the Sustainable Development Goals in the post-2015 Development agenda. To this end, I am very pleased to support Integrated Solid Waste Management for Local Governments: A Practical Guide, which draws upon the extensive practice and lessons learned from ADB's projects, experience, and research.

10 This compendium of practice briefs will guide municipalities, ADB project officers, and other practitioners in ensuring that proper solid waste management is applied widely in Asia's cities. I trust that you will find these briefs particularly useful and instructive as we all work toward a sustainable future. v Foreword Ma. Carmela Locsin Director General, Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department Asian Development bank T. oday's rapid urbanization, particularly in developing Asia, makes it an immense challenge to meet urban infrastructure and service needs efficiently and effectively, while also balancing environmental considerations and sustaining inclusive economic growth. Local officials, city managers, practitioners, and citizens alike all have a role to play in addressing this herculean task. The Asian Development bank (ADB) is a partner in this goal as we strive to implement highly innovative and proactive programs that lead to more livable cities.