ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - UiO

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . I thank all who in one way or another contributed in the completion of this thesis. First, I give thanks to God for protection and ability to do work. I am so grateful to the Norwegian Quota scholarship scheme and the Faculty of Theology at the University of Oslo for making it possible for me to study here. I give deep thanks to the Professors and lecturers at the Intercontextual Theology programme, the librarians, and other workers of the faculty. My special and heartily thanks to my supervisor, Professor Jone Salomonsen who encouraged and directed me. Her challenges brought this work towards a completion. It is with her supervision that this work came into existence. For any faults I take full responsibility. I am also deeply thankful to my informants.

2 Their names cannot be disclosed, but I want to acknowledge and appreciate their help and transparency during my research. Their information have helped me complete this thesis. I am also so thankful to my fellow students whose challenges and productive critics, especially at the Isegran seminars, have provided new ideas to the work. Furthermore, I am thankful to the ELCT-Morogoro Diocese in Tanzania for supporting me to pursue my studies here in Oslo. I also thank my family who encouraged me and prayed for me throughout the time of my research. This thesis is heartily dedicated to my mother who took the lead to heaven before the completion of this work. May the Almighty God richly bless all of you. 1. ABSTRACT AND STRUCTURE. The central problem investigated in this thesis is the role culture and church play in promoting gender inequality and prostitution.

3 In doing this, the study has analyzed field data from Chalinze village in Tanzania. The thesis comprises six chapters. Chapter one has offered a general introduction of the study. It has explained the research problem. It has also delineated the key research questions, as well as the objectives and relevance of the study. The chapter also has discussed the methodological approach and theoretical framework. Chapter two describes the social context in which the problem of prostitution is investigated. This involves reflection on rituals and beliefs among the villagers. The chapter narrates and analyses how the teachings and practices in initiation rituals might be contributing to prostitution in Chalinze community. Chapter three discusses local perspectives on prostitution, and the way local people handle the problem of prostitution.

4 In doing so, the chapter explores how traditional doctors are important figures in the issue of prostitution. Chapter four focuses on views from church leaders about prostitution. In chapter five, different feminist notions on prostitution are discussed and related to Chalinze context. The chapter also discusses viable solutions for dealing with the problem of prostitution in Chalinze. The conclusion in chapter six summarizes what lessons have been learnt. 2. ABBREVIATIONS. The following are the full meaning of the abbreviation used in the thesis. COYOTE Call Off Your Tired Ethics. ELCT-MGD Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania, Morogoro Diocese HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome no page STD Sexually Transmitted Disease TACAIDS Tanzania Commission for AIDS.

5 TAMWA Tanzania Media Women's Association TANERELA Tanzania Network of Religious Leaders Living With or Personally Affected by HIV and AIDS. TGNP Tanzania Gender Networking Program USAID United States Agency for International Development 3. CONTENT. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . ABSTRACT AND STRUCTURE. ABBREVIATIONS. 1 INTRODUCTION .. 7. RESEARCH PROBLEM .. 7. Encounter with Sikitu, a Prostitute ..8. PRESEARCH BACKGROUND ..10. AIMS AND RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY ..14. AREA OF STUDY: CHALINZE ..15. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..17. METHODS ..17. FIELDWORK ..18. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION ..20. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..21. 2 SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT AND PROSTITUTION IN CHALINZE ..25. MALE DOMINANCE IN THE MATRILINEAL SOCIETY ..25. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF WOMEN OF CHALINZE.

6 26. RELIGIONS, BELIEF AND RITUALS IN CHALINZE COMMUNITY ..28. WOMEN IN CHURCH ..28. RITUALS AND BELIEFS ..29. Girls Initiation Rite in Chalinze ..30. Effects of Girls Initiation 4. IMAGE OF A WOMAN IN CHALINZE COMMUNITY ..36. Son Preference in Chalinze and its Effects ..36. GENDER RELATIONS IN CHALINZE COMMUNITY ..37. Blocked Opportunities to Women ..39. MORAL EXPECTATIONS OF WOMEN ..41. SUMMARY ..42. 3 PROSTITUTION IN CHALINZE: traditional UNDERSTANDING AND DEALING. WITH THE PROBLEM ..43. POVERTY, PROSTITUTION AND traditional DOCTORS ..43. PROSTITUTION AND THE ANCESTORS ..43. POVERTY AND traditional DOCTORS ..44. traditional Doctors conditions:..46. Appeasing the Ancestors ..46. Demanding Sexual Intercourse ..46. traditional APPROACHES TO SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF PROSTITUTION.

7 49. traditional Doctors and Women in Chalinze ..50. CRUEL ACTS AGAINST WOMEN AND ITS CONTIBUTION TO PROSTITUTION ..51. RAPING AND SEXUAL ABUSE ..51. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ..53. UNDERPAID AND SEXUAL ABUSED JOBS ..54. CHILDLESS IN MARRIAGE ..54. THE STRUGGLES OF PROSTITUTES IN THE UNCERTAIN SUMMARY ..57. 4 CHURCH UNDERSTANDING OF 58. RELIGION AND PATRIARCH ..58. 5. INTERPRETATION OF BIBLICAL TEXTS ..59. OBEDIENCE TO CHURCH AUTHORITY ..60. Woman s Moral Expectation in Church ..64. CHURCH ANDPROSTITUTION ..64. PERCEPTION ..64. CHURCH DISCIPLINE ..66. CHURCH-PROSTITUTES INJUSTICE FROM CHURCH ..69. SUMMARY ..70. 5. LIBERATING PROSTITUTES: A CONTEXTUAL FEMINIST APPROACH ..72. PROSTITUTION AS AN ASPECT OF GENDER LOOKING PROSTITUTION IN THE LIGHT OF FEMINIST THEORIES: CHALLENGES AND.

8 CONTRIBUTIONS ..74. FEMINISTS ON PROSTITUTION ..75. african FEMINIST ON UNJUST SOCIAL STRUCTURES ..76. TANZANIAN WOMEN ORGANISATIONS PLEA TO AMBIGUOUS TRADITIONS ..78. CONTEXTUAL FEMINIST APPROACH ON HANDLING AND DEALING WITH PROSTITUTION ..79. EMPOWERING RITUALS ..80. ARGUMENTS FROM PROSTITUTTES IN CHALINZE ..84. SUMMARY ..85. 6. CONCLUSION: LESSONS FROM THE STUDY ..86. LIST OF INFORMANTS ..98. 6. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION. RESEARCH PROBLEM. This thesis is a study of prostitution in relation to culture and religion in the Chalinze village in Tanzania. I. attempt to explore what compels women into prostitution by critically addressing gender inequality and how prostitution is intertwined with social structures and the socio economic situation of people in the village.

9 The focus is primarily on cultural and church1 practices towards gender inequality. I also ask how prostitution is perceived and handled by traditional doctors2 and Christians alike, and how the society and church contribute to prostitution. My interest in researching this topic grew in 2006 when I was sent to work in Chalinze Centre with a group of four young men for two weeks on a Bible translation project. Since the village was 10km from my home village and we were required to work up to , and since there was no ready transport to take me home every day, I had to stay at one of the Centre s guesthouses. In the first week of my stay, I did not see any other guests, apart from my four working mates. My amazement made me ask a young female receptionist if they were making any profit of the guesthouse.

10 She laughed and invited me to come to the reception after 11pm to see how the guesthouse makes profits. In the following night, I stayed at the reception as suggested. Yes, I saw how the guesthouse made profits. From around 11pm to 12 mid night, many people came, and they were in pairs , a man and a woman. It did not take long until the guesthouse was full. I learnt from the receptionist that the guests leave very early (sometimes before 5am). She informed me that most of the men who were spending half of the night in the guest house are truck drivers. They stay the night at the Centre before continuing their journey in the following morning. The women, on the other hand, are said to be prostitutes who look for whoever wants to have them for sex.