Adolescence and Emerging fourth edition Adulthood

1 Clark UniversityAdolescenceand EmergingAdulthoodPrentice HallBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle RiverAmsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal TorontoDelhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei TokyoA CULTURAL APPROACHJEFFREY JENSEN ARNETT fourth 5/26/09 4:32 PM Page iText and Cover Designer:Kathy MrozekManager, Visual Research:Beth BrenzelPhoto Researcher:Rachel LucasManager, Rights and Permissions:Zina ArabiaImage Permission Coordinator:Jan Marc QuisumbingManager, Cover Visual Research & Permissions:Karen SanatarCover Project Management:Assunta PetroneComposition:Prepar :Courier/KendallvilleCover Design:Lehigh-Phoenix Color/HagerstownThis book was set in 10/12 New Baskerville. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on page 2010, 2007, 2004, 2001 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 , publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper SaddleRiver, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication isprotected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibitedreproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work,please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1 Lake Street, UpperSaddle River, NJ 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed astrademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademarkclaim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all edition :ISBN 10: 0-13-814458-3 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-814458-6 Exam Copy:ISBN 10: 0-20- 566525-XISBN 13: 978-020-566525-9 Ala Cart edition :ISBN 10: 0-205-75966-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-205-75966-8 VP/Editorial Director:Leah JewellExecutive Editor:Jeff MarshallAssociate Editor:LeeAnn DohertyEditorial Assistant:Amy TrudellDirector of Marketing:Brandy DawsonMarketing Manager:Nicole KunzmannMarketing Assistant:Jen LangManaging Editor:Maureen RichardsonProject Manager:Annemarie FranklinOperations Specialist:Sherry LewisSenior Art Director:Leslie OsherArt Director:Suzanne DudaLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataArnett, Jeffrey and Emerging Adulthood /Jeffrey Jensen Arnett.

3 4th bibliographical references and : 0-13-814458-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-13-814458-61. Adolescence Cross-cultural studies. 2. Teenagers Cross-cultural studies. 3. Young adults Cross-cultural studies. I. 5 dc22200900723310 5/26/09 4:32 PM Page iiToRobin, Kelly, Nathan,Raina, Paris,and Miles so much to look forward to! 5/26/09 4:32 PM Page 5/26/09 4:32 PM Page ivBrief Contentsv1 Introduction 12 Biological Foundations 303 Cognitive Foundations 584 Cultural Beliefs 925 Gender 1206 The Self 1467 Family Relationships 1748 Friends and Peers 2109 Love and Sexuality 24010 School 27611 Work 30812 Media 33613 Problems and Resilience 5/26/09 4:32 PM Page vContentsviSpecial Focus Boxes xPreface xiAbout the Author xviiIntroduction1 Adolescence in Western Cultures:A Brief History 2 Adolescence in Ancient Times 2 Adolescence From Early Christian Times Throughthe Middle Ages 3 Adolescence From 1500 to 1890 3 The Age of Adolescence , 1890 1920 4 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 7 The Transition to Adulthood 11 The Transition to Adulthood : Cross-Cultural Themes 12 The Transition to Adulthood .

4 Cultural Variations 13 The Scientific Study of Adolescenceand Emerging Adulthood 13 Methods Used in Research 16 Analysis and Interpretation 19 Theories and Research 20 Bronfenbrenner s Ecological Theory 20 Adolescence Around the World:A Brief Regional Overview 22 Sub-Saharan Africa 22 North Africa and the Middle East 22 Asia 23 India 23 Latin America 24 The West 24 Implications of Cultural Context 25 Other Themes of the Book 25 Historical Contrasts 25 Interdisciplinary Approach 25 Gender Issues 26 Globalization 26 Framework of the Book 27 Biological Foundations30 The Biological Revolution of Puberty 32 The Endocrine System 32 Physical Growth During Puberty 34 Primary Sex Characteristics 39 Secondary Sex Characteristics 40 The Order of Pubertal Events 42 Cultural, Social, and Psychological Responsesto Puberty 43 Culture and the Timing of Puberty 43 Cultural Responses to Puberty.

5 Puberty Rituals 46 Social and Personal Responses to Puberty 48 Early and Late Pubertal Timing 52 Biological Development and the Environment:The Theory of Genotype EnvironmentInteractions 54 Genotype Environment Interactions Over Time 55 Cognitive Foundations58 Piaget s Theory of Cognitive Development 60 Stages of Cognitive Development in Childhoodand Adolescence 61 Formal Operations in Adolescence 62 Abstract Thinking 63 Complex Thinking 63 Metacognition: Thinking About Thinking 64 Limitations of Piaget s Theory 64 Cognitive Development in Emerging Adulthood :Postformal Thinking 66 Pragmatism 66 Reflective Judgment 68 The Information-Processing Approach 69 Attention 69 Storing and Retrieving Information: Short-Termand Long-Term Memory 70 Processing Information: Speed and Automaticity 71 Limitations of the Information-Processing Approach 73 Practical Cognition: Critical Thinkingand Decision Making 74 The Development of Critical Thinking 74 Can Adolescents Make Competent Decisions?

6 75 Social Cognition 77 Perspective Taking 77 Adolescent Egocentrism 78 The Psychometric Approach:Intelligence Testing 5/26/09 4:32 PM Page viThe Stanford-Binet and Wechsler IntelligenceTests 81 Intelligence Tests and Adolescent Development 83 Other Conceptions of Intelligence: The Theoryof Multiple Intelligences 84 Brain Development in Adolescence 85 Culture and Cognitive Development 87 Cultural Beliefs92 What Are Cultural Beliefs? 93 Cultural Beliefs and Socialization 95 Cultural Values: Individualism and Collectivism 96 Broad and Narrow Socialization 97 Sources of Socialization 98An Example of Socialization for Cultural Beliefs 98 Socialization for Cultural Beliefs in the West 100 Cultural Beliefs and the Custom Complex 101 Cultural Beliefs in Multicultural Societies 102 When East Meets West.

7 Chinese Adolescentsin Australia and the United States 104 Religious Beliefs 105 Religious Beliefs and Cognitive Development 108 Cultural Beliefs and Moral Development 109 Piaget s Theory 109 Kohlberg s Theory 110 Critiques of Kohlberg 112 Political Beliefs 115 Political Ideas as Cultural Beliefs 117 Emerging Adults Political Involvement 117 Gender120 Adolescents and Gender in Traditional Cultures 121 From Girl to Woman 122 From Boy to Man 123 Adolescents and Gender in AmericanHistory 126 From Girl to Woman 126 From Boy to Man 128 Socialization and Gender in the West 129 The Gender Intensification Hypothesis 129 Cultural Beliefs About Gender 130 Gender Socialization: Family, Peers, and School 130 Media and Gender 131 Gender Socialization as a Source of Problems 132 Cognition and Gender 133 Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny 135 Gender Roles in American Minority Groups 138 Gender Stereotypes in Emerging Adulthood 139 The Persistence of Beliefs About Gender Differences 140 Gender and Globalization 141 The Self146 Culture and the Self 148 Self-Conceptions 148 More Abstract 148 More Complex 149 Self-Esteem 150 Self-Esteem From Preadolescence ThroughAdolescence 151 Different Aspects of Self-Esteem 151 Self-Esteem and Physical Appearance 152 Causes and Effects of Self-Esteem 154 Self-Esteem in Emerging Adulthood 155 The Emotional Self 155 Gender and the Emotional Self: Do Adolescent GirlsLose Their Voice ?

8 156 Identity 158 Erikson s Theory 159 Research on Identity 161 Critiques and Elaborations of Identity Theory and Research 163 Ethnic Identity 165 Identity and Globalization 167 The Self, Alone 170 Family Relationships174 The Adolescent in the Family System 176 Parents Development During Midlife 176 Sibling Relationships 178 Extended Family Relationships 181 Parenting Styles 182 Parenting Styles as Custom Complexes 183 The Effects of Parenting Styles on Adolescents 183A More Complex Picture of Parenting Effects 184 Parenting in Other Cultures 185 Attachments to Parents 188 Parent-Adolescent Conflict 190 Sources of Conflict With Parents 192 Culture and Conflict With Parents 193 Emerging Adults RelationshipsWith Parents 5/26/09 4:32 PM Page viiviiiCONTENTSH istorical Change and the Family 196 Patterns Over Two Centuries 196 The Past 50 Years 197 Effects of Divorce, Remarriage, SingleParenthood, and Dual-Earner Families 200 Divorce 200 Remarriage 202 Single Parenthood 203 Dual-Earner Families 204 Physical and Sexual Abuse in theFamily 204 Physical Abuse 205 Sexual Abuse 205 Leaving Early: Runaways and Street Children 206 Running Away From Home 206 Street Children Around the World 206 Friends and Peers210 Peers and Friends 211 Family and Friends 212 Emotional States With Friends.

9 Higher Highs,Lower Lows 214 Family and Friends in Traditional Cultures 214 Developmental Changes in Friendships 215 Intimacy in Adolescent and Emerging AdultFriendships 215 Intimacy and Adolescent Development 217 Choosing Friends 218 Friends Influence and Peer Pressure 219 Friends Influence: Risk Behavior 220 Friends Influence: Support and Nurturance 221 Friends and Leisure Activities in EmergingAdulthood 222 Cliques and Crowds 223 Sarcasm and Ridicule in Cliques 224 Relational Aggression 225 Developmental Changes in Crowds 225 Changes in Clique and Crowd Composition DuringAdolescence and Emerging Adulthood 229 Popularity and Unpopularity 230 The Importance of Social Skills 230 Social Skills and Social Cognition 231 The Continuity of Popularity and Unpopularity 231 Interventions for Unpopularity 232 Bullying 232 Youth Culture 233 Technological Change and the Powerof Youth Culture 237 Love and Sexuality240 Love 241 The Changing Forms of Adolescent Love 241 The Developmental Course of Adolescent Love 242 Sternberg s Theory of Love 245 Adolescent Passion in Non-Western Cultures 247 Falling in Love 248 When

10 Love Goes Bad: Breaking Up 250 Choosing a Marriage Partner 251 Arranged Marriages 252 Cohabitation 253 Sexuality 254 Rates of Adolescent Sexual Activity 254 Pornography 257 Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality 257 Gender and the Meanings of Sex 260 Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents 261 Sexual Harassment and Date Rape 262 Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents 263 Contraceptive Use and Nonuse 265 Pregnancy, Parenthood, and Abortionin Adolescence 267 Sexuality in Emerging Adulthood 269 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 270 Sex Education 273 School276 The Rise of Schooling for Adolescents 278 Changes in Schooling for Adolescents 279 Secondary Education Around the World 281 International Comparisons 284 What Works? The Characteristics of EffectiveSchools 284 Does Size Matter?