Advanced Concrete Technology

1 Advanced ConcreteTechnologyAdvanced ConcreteTechnologyZongjin LiJOHN WILEY & SONS, book is printed on acid-free 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reservedPublished by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New JerseyPublished simultaneously in CanadaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorizationthrough payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the web at Requests to the Publisher forpermission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken,NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, oronline at of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparingthis book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents ofthis book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

2 Nowarranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategiescontained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, includingbut not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other general information about our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within theUnited States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not beavailable in electronic books. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:Li, Zongjin, Concrete Technology / Zongjin 978-0-470-43743-8 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-470-90239-4 (ebk); ISBN 978-0-470-90241-7 (ebk);ISBN 978-0-470-90243-1 (ebk); ISBN 978-0-470-95006-7 (ebk); ISBN 978-0-470-95166-8 (ebk);ISBN 978-0-470-95188-0 (ebk)1.

3 Concrete . I. 36 dc222010031083 Printed in the United States of America10987654321To students, teachers, researchers, and engineers in the field of Concrete , who are the driving forcesfor the development of the science and Technology of Concrete , including the personnel workingon the China 973 project, Basic Study on Environmentally Friendly Contemporary Concrete (2009CB623200).CONTENTSP refacexi1 Introduction to Definition and Historical as a Structural Material of of Influencing Concrete to Study Concrete19 Discussion Topics21 References222 Materials for Making 85 Discussion Topics88 Problems89 References903 Fresh of Fresh for Concrete Mix of of Properties of Concrete135viiviiiContentsDiscussion Topics137 Problems137 References1384 Structure of of Concrete in Nanometer Scale: C S H Zone in Engineering156 Discussion Topics162 References1635 Hardened of Hardened Strain Relationship and Constitutive Stability Shrinkage and 216 Discussion Topics246 Problems246 References2486 Advanced Cementitious Cementitious Cementitious in Cementitious Fly Ash Lightweight Concrete317 Discussion Topics317 Problems319 References3207 Concrete Fracture Elastic Fracture Crack Tip Plastic Tip Opening Process in Fracture Mechanics for Fracture Model Effect Fictitious Model by Method for Quasi-Brittle Materials 369 ContentsixDiscussion Topics374 Problems375 References3798 Nondestructive Testing in Concrete of Wave Theory for a 1D and Transmitted Waves and Commonly Used NDT-CE Resistivity Measurement Method458 Discussion Topics468 Problems469 References4729 The Future and Development Trends of of

4 Understanding of the Nature of Capability Durability Unified Service Life Toughness and Ductile Concrete487 References489 Index491 PREFACEC oncrete is the most widely used material in the world. It plays an important role in infrastructureand private buildings construction. Understanding the basic behaviors of Concrete is essential forcivil engineering students to become civil engineering professionals. There have been some verygood books regarding Concrete , includingConcreteby Mindess, Young, and Darwin, Concrete :Structure, Properties, and Materialsby Mehta and Monteriro, andConcrete TechnologybyNeville and Brook. The motivation to write this book is to introduce new methodologies, newdevelopments, and new innovations in Concrete Technology . The unique features of this bookinclude the introduction of end use guided research strategy for Concrete , unification of materialsand structures studies, and an emphasize on fundamental exploration of Concrete structures,state of art of Concrete development, and innovations.

5 This book provides more comprehensiveknowledge on Concrete Technology , including the systematic introduction of Concrete fracturemechanics and nondestructive evaluation for Concrete book is divided into nine chapters. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction of Concrete ,including its historic development and advantages. Chapter 2 provides the knowledge of rawmaterials used for making Concrete , covering aggregates, binders, admixtures, and water. Chapter3 discusses the properties of fresh Concrete , including workability and the corresponding mea-surement methods. Chapter 4 focuses on the structure of Concrete at different scales, especiallythe calcium silicate hydrate at nanometer scale. Chapter 5 covers the properties of hardenedconcrete, including strength, durability, stress strain relation, and dimension stability. Chapter 6provides updated knowledge on various cement-based composites, including self-consolidationconcrete, ultra-high-strength Concrete , and extruded and engineered cementitious 7 focuses the fracture behavior of Concrete and provides the basic knowledge of frac-ture mechanics of Concrete .

6 Chapter 8 covers the essential knowledge of nondestructive testingof Concrete engineering, including wave propagation theory in 1-D case, detecting principles ofdifferent NDT methodologies and techniques of different NDT methods. In Chapter 9, the issuesregarding the future and development trend of Concrete have been the book is designed and written primarily to meet the teaching needs for under-graduate students at senior level and graduate students at entry level, it can serve as a referenceor a guide for professional engineers in their the process of writing this book, the authors received enthusiastic help and invaluableassistance from many people, which is deeply appreciated. The authors would like to expresshis special thanks to Dr. Garrison C. K. Chau, Dr. Biwan Xu, and Dr. Jianzhong Shen for theirhelp in editing the book draft. Mr. Mike Pomfret is acknowledged for his professional pageproofreading.

7 The photos provided by Profs. Wei Sun, Tongbo Sui, Linhai Han, and Zhen He;Drs. Xiaojian Gao, Herbert Zheng, and Jinyang Jiang; Mr. Peter Allen; and the companies ofOve Arup and Gammon are greatly support from China Basic Research Grant, Basic Research on Environmentally FriendlyContemporary Concrete (2009CB623200) is greatly , I would like to thank for my wife, Xiuming Cui, my daughters Yexin Li and AileenLi for their love, understanding, and ConcreteTechnologyCHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION TO Concrete DEFINITION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTC oncrete is a manmade building material that looks like stone. The word Concrete is derivedfrom the Latinconcretus, meaning to grow together. Concrete is a composite material com-posed of coarse granular material (the aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material(the cement or binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them , we can say that Concrete is a composite material that consists essentially of a bind-ing medium in which are embedded particles or fragments of aggregates.

8 The simplest definitionof Concrete can be written asconcrete=filler+binder(1-1)Depending on what kind of binder is used, Concrete can be named in different ways. Forinstance, if a Concrete in made with nonhydraulic cement, it is called nonhydraulic cementconcrete; if a Concrete made of hydraulic cement, it is called hydraulic cement Concrete ; if aconcrete is made of asphalt, it is called asphalt Concrete ; if a Concrete is made of polymer, itis called polymer Concrete . Both nonhydraulic and hydraulic cement need water to mix in andreact. They differ here in the ability to gain strength in water. Nonhydraulic cement cannot gainstrength in water, while hydraulic cement cement concretes are the oldest used in human history. As early as around6500bc, nonhydraulic cement concretes were used by the Syrians and spread through Egypt, theMiddle East, Crete, Cyprus, and ancient Greece.

9 However, it was the Romans who refined themixture s use. The nonhydraulic cements used at that time were gypsum and lime. The Romansused a primal mix for their Concrete . It consisted of small pieces of gravel and coarse sand mixedwith hot lime and water, and sometimes even animal blood. The Romans were known to havemade wide usage of Concrete for building roads. It is interesting to learn that they built some 5300miles of roads using Concrete . Concrete is a very strong building material. Historical evidencealso points out that the Romans used pozzalana, animal fat, milk, and blood as admixtures forbuilding Concrete . To trim down shrinkage, they were known to have used horsehair. Historicalevidence shows that the Assyrians and Babylonians used clay as the bonding material. Lime wasobtained by calcining limestone with a reaction ofCaCO31000 C CaO+CO2(1-2)When CaO is mixed with water, it can react with water to formCaO+H2 Oambient temperature Ca(OH)2(1-3)12 Chapter 1 Introduction to Concreteand is then further reacted with CO2to form limestone again:Ca(OH)2+CO2+H2 Oambient temperature CaCO3+2H2O(1-4)The Egyptians used gypsum mortar in construction, and the gypsum was obtained by calciningimpure gypsum with a reaction of2 CaSO4 H2O107 130 C 2 CaSO4 12H2O+3H2O(1-5)When mixed with water, half-water gypsum could turn into two-water gypsum and gain strength:2 CaSO4 12H2O+3H2 Oambient temperature 2 CaSO4 2H2O(1-6)The Egyptians used gypsum instead of lime because it could be calcined at much lowertemperatures.

10 As early as about 3000bc, the Egyptians used gypsum mortar in the constructionof the Pyramid of Cheops. However, this pyramid was looted long before archeologists knewabout the building materials used. Figure 1-1 shows a pyramid in Gaza. The Chinese also usedlime mortar to build the Great Wall in the Qin dynasty (220bc)(seeFigure1-2).A hydraulic lime was developed by the Greeks and Romans using limestone containingargillaceous (clayey) impurities. The Greeks even used volcanic ash from the island of Santorin,while the Romans utilized volcanic ash from the Bay of Naples to mix with lime to producehydraulic lime. It was found that mortar made of such hydraulic lime could resist water. Thus,hydraulic lime mortars were used extensively for hydraulic structures from second half of thefirst centurybcto the second centuryadHowever, the quality of cementing materials declinedthroughout the Middle Ages.