Advantages and Disadvantages

1 2010 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective and DisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesReci procating EnginesHigh power efficiency, achievable over a wide load range;Relatively low investment cost per kWe electrical outputWide range of unit sizes from 3 kWe (there are 2,000 3kWe installations in Germany) upwardPart-load operation flexibility from 30% to 100% with high efficiencyCan be used in island mode (all ships do this) good load following capabilityFast start-up time of 15 seconds to full load (gas turbine needs to 2 hours)

2 Real multi-fuel capability, can also use HFO as fuelCan be overhauled on site with normal operationLow investment cost in small sizesCan operate with low pressure gas (down to 1 bar)Must be cooled, even if the heat recovered is not reusableLower power : weight ratio and out-of-balanceForces requiring substantial foundationsHigh levels of low frequency noiseHigh maintenance costs 2010 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective and DisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesMicr o-turbineHigh reliability due to small number of moving partsSimplified installationLow maintenance requirementCompact sizeLightweightAcceptable noise levelsFuelled by domestic natural gas resource with expanded fuel flexibilityCompetitive costs when built in quantityLow emissionsHigh temperature exhaust for heat recoveryAcceptable power qualityCosts 2010 Schneider Electric.

3 All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective and DisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesGas TurbineHigh reliability which permits long-term unattended operationHigh grade heat availableConstant high speed enabling close frequencyControl of electrical outputHigh power:weight ratio No cooling water requiredRelatively low investment cost per kWe electrical outputWide fuel range capability (diesel, LPG, naphtha, associated gas, landfill sewage)Multi fuel capabilityLow emissionsLimited number of unit sizes within the Output rangeLower mechanical efficiency than Reciprocating enginesIf gas fired, requires high- pressure supply or in-house boostersHigh noise levels (of high frequency can be easily alternated)

4 Poor efficiency at low loading (but they can operate continuously at low loads)Can operate on premium fuels but need to be clean of dryOutput falls as ambient temperature rises due to thermal constraints within the turbineMay need long overhaul periods 2010 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective TurbineHigh overall efficiencyAny type of fuel may be usedHeat-to-power ratios can be varied through flexible operationAbility to meet more than one site heat grade requirementWide range of sizes availableLong working lifeHigh heat power ratiosHigh costSlow start-upAdvantages and Disadvantages 2010 Schneider Electric.

5 All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective TurbineNewer technologies are making the extraction of wind energy much more efficientWind is a free source of energySmall space requirement windmills only have to occupy a few square meters for the base; this allows the land around the turbine to be used for many purposes for example agriculture Reliability of windWind turbines generally produce a lot less electricity than the average fossil fuelled power station, requiring multiple wind turbines to be built in order to make an impactConstruction can be very expensiveNoise pollution the noise pollution from commercial wind turbines are sometimes similar to a small jet engine.

6 Protests and or petitions usually confront an proposed wind farm developmentPeople feel the countryside should be left intact for everyone to enjoy its beautyAdvantages and Disadvantages 2010 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective and DisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesPhot ovoltaicsPV systems require no fuel supplyCompletely silentRequire little maintenanceLong shelf lifeSolar panels are excellent for load balancing because maximum electricity usage and peak solar generation both occur on hot sunny daysExpensive very high initial costSystem components are expensive to replaceHigh Tech-Requires a skilled labor force to create although operation and

7 Maintenance of PV cells themselves is relatively easyMay require the use of toxic materials such as the Cadmium in Cadmium Telluride solar cellsMany have argued that in the panel itself the Cd is secure from the environment but then it demands careful end of life treatmentIntermittent solar cells only produce electricity when the sun is shining at night or in bad weather, you need either storage batteries or a secondary power source 2010 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective and DisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesFuel CellsLow emissions and low noiseHigh efficiency over load rangeModular design, sitting flexibility, short construction timeAutomated operation, quick load changes, low maintenanceMany fuels, but require processing unless pure hydrogenFlexible heat to power ratio.

8 Low or high-grde heat depending on design and fuel cell typeCostsDurabilityPower densityStart-up timeDegradationCorrosion for liquid electrolytesSulphur 2010 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective and DisadvantagesAdvantagesDisadvantagesStir ling EnginesTechnical Advantages : much experience in high power rangeLess moving parts with low frictionNo internal burner chamberHigh theoretical efficiencySuitable for mass productionAdvantages for micro-cogeneration.

9 No extra thermal-boiler necessaryElectrical production independent from heat productionVery low emissionsEasy to controlCan be built as an interchangeable unitLittle experience in low power rangePoor shaft efficiency by the existing machine (350-800 Watt shaft power)Better efficiency at 3,000 Watt shaft powerFirst machines have been very expensive 2010 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective of Various Power Generation OptionsDescriptionUnitsCombined GT & STConventional Steam PlantDiesel Engine Power PlantsThermal Efficiency%40-4633-3643-45 Initial Investment of Installed CapacityRs/kW8,500-10,00015,000-18,0007, 500-9,000 Cooling water requirement with once through cooling(Lt/kWh)---Space requirement-125% (Approximately)250% (Approximately)100% (Approximately)

10 Construction timeMonths24-3042-4812-15 Project periodMonths30-3652-6013-12 Auxiliary Power Consumption%2-48-1013-21 Plant Load FactorK Wh/kW6000-70005000-60007200-7500 Range of Control of Electrical output on Heavy oil%0-10042-10025-100 Start-up time from coldMinutesAbout 10120-18015-20 2010 Schneider Electric. All rights reserved. All trademarks provided are the property of their respective ComparisonTechnologyReciprocating Engine: DieselReciprocating Engine: NGMicroturbineCombustion Gas TurbineFuel CellStirling EnginePhotovoltaicsSize30kW - 6+MW30kW - 6+ - 30+MW100- 3000kW1 - 75 kWInstalled Cost 1 ($/kW)600-1,000700-1,2001,200-1,700400-9 004,000- 5,0002,000 - 36,0007,500- 9,500 Electrical Efficiency (LHV)30-43%30-42%14-30%21-40%36-50%7-38% 12-24%Overall Efficiency2~80-85%~80-85%~80-85%~80-90%~ 80-85%~50%~30%Total Maintenance Costs3 ($/kWh) - Footprint (ft2/kW)(m2/kW) - 32 Emissio