agree with hood penniless Webster’s nation-

1 Compounds and Hyphenation to parts of speech. The third section lists examples for words commonly used as elements in compounds. The fourth section lists com-mon prefi xes, most of which join to another word to form one unhyphen-ated word; note especially the hyphenated exceptions, not all of which agree with Webster s . (Compounds formed with suffi xes , nation- hood , penniless are almost always closed.) Category/specifi c term ExamplesSummary of rule1. compounds according to categoryage termsa three- year- olda fi ve- year- old childa fi fty- fi ve- year- old womana group of eight- to ten- year- oldsbutseven years oldeighteen years of ageHyphenated in both noun and adjective forms (except as in the last two examples); note the space after the fi rst hyphen in the fourth example (see ).

2 The examples apply equally to ages expressed as termssodium chloridesodium chloride solutionOpen in both noun and adjective green tiereddish- brown fl agstoneblue- green algaesnow- white dressblack- and- white print but his tie is emerald greenthe stone is reddish brownthe water is blue greenthe clouds are snow whitethe truth isn t black and whiteHyphenated before but not after a noun. This departure from Chicago s former usage serves both simplicity and points and directionsnortheastsouthwesteast- northeasta north south streetthe street runs north southClosed in noun, adjective, and adverb forms unless three direc-tions are combined, in which case a hyphen is used after the fi rst. When from .. to is implied, an en dash is used (see ).ethnic terms.

3 See proper nouns and adjectives relating to geography or nation- ality in section phrasesan a priori argumenta Sturm und Drang dramain vitro fertilizationa t te- - t te approachOpen unless hyphens appear in the original 3755/14/10 1:57 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds376 Category/specifi c term ExamplesSummary of rule1. compounds according to category (continued)fractions, compounds formed witha half houra half- hour sessiona quarter milea quarter- mile runan eighth noteNoun form open; adjective form hyphenated. See also numbers in this section and half in sec-tion , simpleone- halftwo- thirdsthree- quartersone twenty- fi fthone and three- quartersa two- thirds majoritythree- quarters donea one twenty- fi fth shareHyphenated in noun, adjec-tive, and adverb forms, except when second element is already hyphenated.

4 See also number + noun and .number + abbreviationthe 33 m distancea 2 kg weighta 3 ft. high wallAlways open. See also number + + nouna hundred- meter racea 250- page booka fi fty- year projecta three- inch- high statuetteit s three inches higha one- and- a- half- inch hemone and a half inchesa fi ve- foot- ten quarterbackfi ve feet ten [inches tall]fi ve- to ten- minute intervalsHyphenated before a noun, otherwise open. Note the space after the fi rst number in the last example. See also number + abbreviation. See also .number + percentage50 percenta 10 percent raiseBoth noun and adjective forms always , ordinal, + nounon the third fl oorthird- fl oor apartment103rd- fl oor viewfi fth- place contestanttwenty- fi rst- row seatsAdjective form hyphenated be-fore a noun, otherwise open.

5 See also century in section , ordinal, + super lativea second- best decisionthird- largest townfourth- to- last contestanthe arrived fourth to lastHyphenated before a noun, otherwise , spelled outtwenty- eightthree hundrednineteen forty- fi vefi ve hundred fi ftyTwenty- one through ninety- nine hyphenated; others open. See also fractions, See foster, grand, in- law, and step in section 3765/14/10 1:57 PMproofsforreviewonlyCompounds and Hyphenation Category/specifi c term ExamplesSummary of rule1. compounds according to category (continued)timeat three thirtythe three- thirty traina four o clock trainthe 5:00 newsUsually open; forms such as three thirty, four twenty, etc., are hyphenated before the compounds according to parts of speechadjective + nounsmall- state senatorsa high- quality alkylatea middle- class neighborhoodthe neighborhood is middle classHyphenated before but not after a + participletight- lipped personhigh- jumping grasshoppersopen- ended questionthe question was open endedHyphenated before but not after a ending in ly + participle or adjectivea highly paid ragpickera fully open societyhe was mildly amusingOpen whether before or after a not ending in ly + participle or adjectivea much- needed additionit was much neededa very well- read childlittle- understood rulesa too- easy answerthe best- known authorthe highest- ranking offi certhe worst- paid joba lesser- paid colleaguethe most effi

6 Cient methoda less prolifi c artista more thorough examthe most skilled workers (most in number)butthe most- skilled workers (most in skill)a very much needed additionHyphenated before but not after a noun; compounds with more, most, less, least, and very usually open unless ambiguity threat-ens. When the adverb rather than the compound as a whole is modifi ed by another adverb, the entire expression is formselectrocardiogramsocioeconomicpolit ico- scientifi c studiesthe practico- inertUsually closed if permanent, hyphenated if temporary. See .gerund + nounrunning shoescooking classrunning- shoe storeNoun form open; adjective form hyphenated. See also noun + + adjectivecomputer- literate accountantsHIV- positive menthe stadium is fan friendlyshe is HIV positiveHyphenated before a noun; usu-ally open after a 3775/14/10 1:57 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds378 Category/specifi c term ExamplesSummary of rule2.

7 Compounds according to parts of speech (continued)noun + gerunddecision makinga decision- making bodymountain climbingtime- clock- punching employeesa Nobel Prize winning chemist (see )bookkeepingcaregivingcopyeditingNoun form usually open; adjec-tive form hyphenated before a noun. Some permanent com-pounds closed (see ).noun + noun, single function (fi rst noun modifi es second noun)student nurserestaurant ownerdirectory pathtenure tracktenure- track positionhome- rule governanceshipbuildergunrunnercopyeditor Noun form open; adjective form hyphenated before a noun. Some permanent compounds closed (see ).noun + noun, two functions (both nouns equal)nurse- practitionerphilosopher- kingcity- statecity- state governanceBoth noun and adjective forms always + numeral or enumeratortype Aa type A executivetype 2 diabetessize 12 slacksa page 1 headlineBoth noun and adjective forms always + participlea Wagner- burdened repertoirefl ower- fi lled gardena clothes- buying grandmothera day of clothes buyingHyphenated before a noun, otherwise + nounchopped- liver p t cutting- edge methodstheir approach was cutting edgeAdjective form hyphenated before but not after a + up, out, and similar adverbsdressed- up childrenburned- out buildingsironed- on decalwe were dressed upthat decal is ironed onAdjective form hyphenated before but not after a noun.

8 Verb form always , adjectivalan over- the- counter druga matter- of- fact replyan up- to- date solutionsold over the counterher tone was matter of facthis equipment was up to dateHyphenated before a noun; usu-ally open after a 3785/14/10 1:57 PMproofsforreviewonlyCompounds and Hyphenation Category/specifi c term ExamplesSummary of rule2. compounds according to parts of speech (continued)phrases, nounstick- in- the- mudjack- of- all- tradesa fl ash in the panHyphenated or open as listed in Webster s. If not in the diction-ary, nouns and adjectives relating to geography or nation- alityAfrican AmericansAfrican American presidenta Chinese AmericanFrench CanadiansSouth Asian Americansthe Scotch Irishthe North Central regionMiddle Eastern countriesbutSino- Tibetan languagesthe Franco- Prussian Warthe US- Canada borderAnglo- American cooperationAnglo- AmericansOpen in both noun and adjective forms, unless the fi rst term is a prefi x or unless between is implied.

9 See also .3. compounds formed with specific termsachetoothachestomachacheAlways outall alongall overan all- out eff ortan all- American playerthe book is all- encompassingbutwe were all in [tired]Adverbial phrases open; adjecti-val phrases usually hyphenated both before and after a bookcoupon bookcheckbookcookbookClosed or open as listed in Webster s. If not in the diction-ary, bornee- mail- bornemosquito- borneClosed if listed as such in Webster s. If not in Webster s, hyphenated; compounds retain the hyphen both before and after a twenty- fi rst centuryfourteenth- century monasterytwenty- fi rst- century historya mid- eighteenth- century poetlate nineteenth- century politiciansher style was nineteenth centuryNoun forms always open; ad-jectival compounds hyphenated before but not after a noun.

10 See also old (below), mid (in section 4), and . 3795/14/10 1:57 spelling, distinctive treatment of words, and compounds380 Category/specifi c term ExamplesSummary of rule3. compounds formed with specific terms (continued)crossa cross sectiona cross- referencecross- referencedcross- grainedcross- countrycrossbowcrossoverMany compounds formed with cross are in Webster s (as those listed here). If not in Webster s, noun, adjective, adverb, and verb forms should be maile- bookeBayHyphenated except with proper nouns. See also .electpresident- electvice president electmayor- electcounty assessor electHyphenated unless the name of the offi ce consists of an open ready helpever- recurring problemeverlastinghe was ever eagerUsually hyphenated before but not after a noun; some perma-nent compounds partnerex- marineex corporate executiveHyphenated, but use en dash if ex- precedes an open motherfoster parentsa foster- family backgroundNoun forms open; adjective forms free numberaccident- free driverthe number is toll- freethe driver is accident- freeCompounds formed with free as second element are hyphenated both before and after a length mirrorthe mirror is full lengththree bags fulla suitcase fullHyphenated before a noun, otherwise open.