Airframe & Aircraft Components - soaneemrana.org

1 Airframe &AircraftComponents(According to the Syllabus Prescribed byDirector General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India)FIRST EDITIONAIRFRAME & AIRCRAFTCOMPONENTSP repared Society Group of Institutes*School of Aeronautics( Approved by Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India)* School of Engineering & Technology( Approved by Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India)Compiled bySheo SinghPublished Society Group of InstitutesH-974, Palam Extn., Part-1, Sec-7, Dwarka, New Delhi-77 Published Society Group of Institutes,Palam Extn.

2 , Part-1, ,Dwarka, New Delhi - 77 First Edition 2007 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systemor transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordingor otherwise, without the prior written permission of the SettingSushmaCover Designed byAbdul AzizPrinted at Graphic Syndicate, Naraina, New ToShri Laxmi Narain Verma[ Who Lived An Honest Life ]PrefaceThis book is intended as an introductory text on Airframe and Aircraft Components whichis an essential part of General Engineering and Maintenance Practices of DGCA licenseexamination, BAMEL, is intended that this book will provide basic information on principle, fundamentals andtechnical procedures in the subject matter areas relating to the Airframe and AircraftComponents.

3 The written text is supplemented with large number of suitable diagrams for reinforcing thekey acknowledge with thanks the contribution of the faculty and staff of Society Groupof Institutions for their dedicated efforts to make this book a am also thankfull to our Director Mr. Ashoka for having faith on me in publishing would very much appreciate criticism, suggestions for improvement and detection of errorsfrom the readers, which will be gratefully Singh(Senior Instructor, School of Aeronautics) Society Group of InstitutesDated.

4 March, 2007 CONTENTSCHAPTERS PAGE AND DE-ICING SYSTEMS (ICE PRODUCTION) (HOT GAS) DE-ICING DE-ICING OF SCREEN DE-ICING AND ANTI-ICING DE-ICING AND EXTINGUISHING OF METAL Aircraft AFTER ABNORMAL CHECKS ON QUESTIONS & ANSWERS FROM Aircraft STRUCTURE PART149 SYLLABUS COVERED IN THISBOOK FOR BAMEL, PAPER-IIKnowledge of the functions of the major AircraftComponents and Systems1 Airframe and Aircraft ComponentsCHAPTER.

5 1 Aircraft STRUCTURESGENERALThe Airframe of a fixed-wing Aircraft is generally considered to consist of five principal units, the fuselage, wings,stabilizers, flight control surfaces, and landing gear. Helicopter Airframe consist of fuselage, main rotor and relatedgearbox, tail rotor and the landing Airframe Components are constructed from a wide variety of materials and are joined by rivets, bolts, screws,and welding or adhesives. The Aircraft Components are composed of various parts called structural members ( , longerons, ribs, bulkheads, etc.)

6 Aircraft structural members are designed to carry a load or to resist single member of the structure may be subjected to a combination of stresses. In most cases the structural membersare designed to carry loads rather than side; that is, to be subjected to tension or compression rather than may be the principal requirement in certain structures, while others need entirely different qualities. Forexample, cowling, fairing, and similar parts usually are not required to carry the stresses imposed by flight or the landingloads.

7 However, these parts must have such properties as neat appearance and streamlined STRUCTURAL STRESSESIn designing an Aircraft , every square inch of wing and fuselage, every rib, spar, and even each metal fitting mustbe considered in relation to the physical characteristics of the metal of which it is made. Every part of the Aircraft mustbe planned to carry the load to be imposed upon it. The determination of such loads is called stress analysis. Althoughplanning the design is not the function of the aviation mechanic, it is, nevertheless, important to understand andappreciate the stresses involved in order to avoid changes in the original design through improper Five stresses acting on an Society Group of Institutes, Palam Extn.

8 , Part-1, Sec-7, Dwarka, New Delhi-77 There are five major stresses to which all Aircraft are subjected .(i) Tension (ii) Compression(iii) Torsion(iv) Shear(v) term stress is often used interchangeably with the word strain. Stress is an internal force of a substancewhich opposes or resists deformation. Strain is the deformation of a material or substance. Stress, the internal force,can cause in Fig. (1a) is the stress that resists a force that tends to pull apart. The engine pulls the Aircraft forward,but air resistance tries to hold it back.

9 The result is tension, which tries to stretch the Aircraft . The tensile strengthof a material is measured in (pounds per square inch) and is calculated by dividing the load (in pounds) requiredto pull the material apart by its cross-sectional area (in square inches).Compression (1b) is the stress that resists a crushing force. The compressive strength of a material is also measuredin Compression is the stress that tends to shorten or squeeze Aircraft is the stress that produces twisting. While moving the Aircraft forward, the engine also tends to twist itto one side, but other Aircraft Components hold it on course.

10 Thus, torsion is created. The torsional strength of a materialis its resistance to twisting or torque. ( )Shear is the stress that resists the force tending to cause one layer of a material to slide over an adjacent layer. Tworiveted plates in tension subject the rivets to a shearing force. Usually, the shearing strength of a material is either equalto or less than its tensile or compressive strength. Aircraft parts, especially screws, bolts, and rivets, are often subjectto a shearing force. ( ).Bending stress is a combination of compression and tension.