AIVC Guide to Ventilation

1 IAIVC Guide to Ventilation2 AIVC Guide to VentilationThis report is part of the work of the IEA Energy Conservation in Building & Community Systems prepared byAnnex V Air Infiltration and Ventilation CentreDocument AIC-TN-VENTGUIDE-1996 ISBN 0 946075 85 9 Participating countries:Annex VBelgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,Sweden, United Kingdom and the United States ofAmericaDistribution: Annex V onlyAdditional copies of this report may be obtained from:The Air Infiltration and Ventilation CentreUniversity of Warwick Science ParkSovereign CourtSir William Lyons RoadCoventry CV4 7 EZGreat Britain3 AIVC Guide to VentilationA Guide toEnergy Efficient VentilationMartin W LiddamentMarch, 19964 AIVC Guide to VentilationCopyright Oscar Faber plc 1996 All property rights, including copying are vestedin the Operating Agent (Oscar Faber ConsultingEngineers) on behalf of the International particular, no part of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted in any form or by any means,electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordingor otherwise, without the prior written permissionof the Operating Guide to VentilationPrefaceInternational Energy AgencyThe International Energy Agency (IEA)

2 Was established in 1974 withinthe framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD) to implement an International Energy basic aim of the IEA is to foster co-operation among the twenty four IEAP articipating Countries to increase energy security through energyconservation, development of alternative energy sources and energyresearch development and demonstration (RD&D).Energy Conservation in Buildings and CommunitySystemsThe IEA sponsors research and development in a number of areas relatedto energy. In one of these areas, energy conservation in buildings, the IEAis sponsoring various exercises to predict more accurately the energy useof buildings, including comparison of existing computer programs, buildingmonitoring, comparison of calculation methods, as well as air quality andstudies of Executive CommitteeOverall control of the programme is maintained by an ExecutiveCommittee, which not only monitors existing projects but identifies newareas where collaborative effort may be date the following have been initiated by the Executive Committee(completed projects are identified by *).

3 ILoad Energy Determination of Buildings*IIEkistics and Advanced Community Energy Systems*IIIE nergy Conservation in Residential Buildings*IVGlasgow Commercial Building Monitoring*VAir Infiltration and Ventilation CentreVIEnergy Systems and Design of Communities*VIIL ocal Government Energy Planning*VIIII nhabitant Behaviour with Regard to Ventilation *IXMinimum Ventilation Rates*XBuilding HVAC Systems Simulation*XIEnergy Auditing*XIIW indows and Fenestration*XIIIE nergy Management in Hospitals*XIVC ondensation*XVEnergy Efficiency in Schools*6 AIVC Guide to VentilationXVIBEMS - 1: Energy Management Procedures*XVIIBEMS - 2: Evaluation and Emulation Techniques*XVIIID emand Controlled Ventilating Systems*XIXLow Slope Roof Systems*XXAir Flow Patterns within Buildings*XXIT hermal Modelling*XXIIE nergy Efficient Communities*XXIIIM ultizone Air Flow Modelling (COMIS)

4 *XXIVHeat Air and Moisture Transfer in Envelopes*XXVReal Time HEVAC Simulation*XXVIE nergy Efficient Ventilation of Large Enclosures*XXVIIE valuation and Demonstration of Domestic Ventilation SystemsXXVIIILow Energy Cooling SystemsXXIXD aylight in BuildingsXXXB ringing Simulation to ApplicationXXXIE nergy Related Environmental Impact of BuildingsXXXIII ntegral Building Envelope Performance AssessmentXXXIIIA dvanced Local Energy PlanningXXXIVC omputer-aided Evaluation of HVAC System PerformanceXXXVC ontrol Strategies for Hybrid Ventilation in New and RetrofittedOffice Buildings (HYBVENT)XXXVIR etrofitting in Educational Buildings Energy Concept Adviserfor Technical Retrofit MeasuresXXXVIILow Exergy Systems for Heating and Cooling of BuildingsAnnex V Air Infiltration and Ventilation CentreThe Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre was established by theExecutive Committee following unanimous agreement that more neededto be understood about the impact of air change on energy use and indoorair quality.

5 The purpose of the Centre is to promote an understanding ofthe complex behaviour of air flow in buildings and to advance the effectiveapplication of associated energy saving measures in both the design ofnew buildings and the improvement of the existing building Participants in this task are Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, UnitedKingdom and the United States of Guide to VentilationContentsA Guide to Energy Efficient VentilationPreface5 Foreword11 Acknowledgements12 Introduction15 Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Rationale and Background to VentilationRationale and Background to VentilationRationale and Background to VentilationRationale and Background to VentilationRationale and Background to Ventilation1919191919 Summary and Introduction19 What is Ventilation ?

6 20 Why Is Ventilation Needed?21 How Does Ventilation Work?21 How Much Ventilation Is Needed?23 When Is Ventilation Not Appropriate?24 How Polluted Can a Building Become?25 What is the Energy Impact of Ventilation ?26 Can Ventilation Energy Loss Be Avoided or Recovered?26 What Is the Relationship Between Ventilation Rate and Odour?27Is There a Relationship Between Ventilation and Health?28 How is Ventilation Provided?28 How Do Ventilation Needs and Strategies Differ According to Building Type?29 How Is the Choice of Ventilation Influenced By Climate and Local Environment?30 What Regulations and Standards Govern the Choice and Performanceof Ventilation Systems?30 What Other Aspects Must be Considered in the Design Process?30 Can Ventilation be Used for Cooling?31 Can Outdoor Air be Cleaned?31 What is Ventilation Efficiency?

7 32 What Provision Should be Made for Maintenance?32 What Measurement Techniques are Available?32 What Calculation Techniques are Available?33 What Units are Used for Ventilation and Air Infiltration?35 References35 Chapter 2: Chapter 2: Chapter 2: Chapter 2: Chapter 2: Indoor Air Quality and ComfortIndoor Air Quality and ComfortIndoor Air Quality and ComfortIndoor Air Quality and ComfortIndoor Air Quality and Comfort3737373737 Summary and Sick Building Pollutants and Pollutant Reducing Indoor Pollutant Comfort and Wellbeing48 References54 Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Chapter 3: Chapter 3: The Energy Impact of Ventilation and Air InfiltrationThe Energy Impact of Ventilation and Air InfiltrationThe Energy Impact of Ventilation and Air InfiltrationThe Energy Impact of Ventilation and Air InfiltrationThe Energy Impact of Ventilation and Air Infiltration5757575757 Summary and Definitions Relating to Energy Estimating Energy Energy Impact of Ventilation and Air The Potential for Reducing Energy Impact68 References698 AIVC Guide to VentilationChapter 4: Chapter 4: Chapter 4: Chapter 4: Chapter 4: Design CriteriaDesign CriteriaDesign CriteriaDesign CriteriaDesign Criteria7171717171 Summary and Design Ventilation Design Design Variables82 References84 Chapter 5: Chapter 5: Chapter 5: Chapter 5: Chapter 5.

8 Ventilation StrategiesVentilation StrategiesVentilation StrategiesVentilation StrategiesVentilation Strategies8787878787 Summary and Natural Mechanical Ventilation99 References115 Chapter 6: Chapter 6: Chapter 6: Chapter 6: Chapter 6: Ventilation Heat RecoveryVentilation Heat RecoveryVentilation Heat RecoveryVentilation Heat RecoveryVentilation Heat Recovery117117117117117 Summary and Definitions Relating to Heat Ventilation Heat Recovery Air-to-Air Heat Heat Dynamic Ground Pre-heat Recovery132 References133 Chapter 7: Chapter 7: Chapter 7: Chapter 7: Chapter 7: Ventilation and CoolingVentilation and CoolingVentilation and CoolingVentilation and CoolingVentilation and Cooling135135135135135 Summary and Cooling in Relation to Ventilation Passive and Mixed Mode Reducing the Need for Cooling141 References145 Chapter 8: Chapter 8: Chapter 8: Chapter 8: Chapter 8: Air Cleaning by FiltrationAir Cleaning by FiltrationAir Cleaning by FiltrationAir Cleaning by FiltrationAir Cleaning by Filtration147147147147147 Summary and Reducing Particulate Concentration by Filtration150 References157 Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Chapter 9.

9 Ventilation EfficiencyVentilation EfficiencyVentilation EfficiencyVentilation EfficiencyVentilation Efficiency159159159159159 Summary and Concepts of Ventilation Air Change Contaminant Removal Evaluating Ventilation Efficiency Examples of Applying Concepts of Ventilation Efficiency166 References1679 AIVC Guide to VentilationChapter 10: Chapter 10: Chapter 10: Chapter 10: Chapter 10: Maintenance and Designing for MaintenanceMaintenance and Designing for MaintenanceMaintenance and Designing for MaintenanceMaintenance and Designing for MaintenanceMaintenance and Designing for Maintenance169169169169169 Summary and Design for Ease of Maintenance of Specific Maintenance Design for Large Implementing Maintenance Regulations and Standards177 References178 Chapter 11: Chapter 11: Chapter 11: Chapter 11: Chapter 11: Measurement MethodsMeasurement MethodsMeasurement MethodsMeasurement MethodsMeasurement Methods181181181181181 Summary and Tracer Gas Pressurisation Component Air-tightness Other Measurement Instrumentation for Tracer Gas Theoretical Outline210 References213 Chapter 12: Chapter 12: Chapter 12: Chapter 12: Chapter 12.

10 Calculation MethodsCalculation MethodsCalculation MethodsCalculation MethodsCalculation Methods215215215215215 Summary and Generic Calculation Estimation from Building Air-tightness Simplified Theoretical Network (zonal) Explicit Network computational fluid Ventilation and Air Flow Related Combined Thermal and Ventilation Models246 References249 Appendix 1 Appendix 1 Appendix 1 Appendix 1 Appendix 1251251251251251 Air Leakage Characteristics of Building Components251 Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Appendix 2 Appendix 2257257257257257 Wind Pressure Coefficient Data257 Appendix 3 Appendix 3 Appendix 3 Appendix 3 Appendix 3261261261261261 AIDA Air Infiltration Development Algorithm261 IndexIndexIndexIndexIndex267267267267267 10 AIVC Guide to Ventilation11 AIVC Guide to VentilationForewordVentilation is the mechanism by which clean air is provided to a space.