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Amnesty International Report 2020/21

IiAmnesty International Report 2020/21 Amnesty INTERNATIONALA mnesty International is a movement of 10 million people which mobilizes the humanity in everyone and campaigns for change so we can all enjoy our human rights . Our vision is of a world where those in power keep their promises, respect International law and are held to account. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and individual donations. We believe that acting in solidarity and compassion with people everywhere can change our societies for the International is impartial. We take no position on issues of sovereignty, territorial disputes or International political or legal arrangements that might be adopted to implement the right to self- determination. This Report is organized according to the countries we monitored during the year.

UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ... and human rights UN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expression ... It came from those who cared for older people. It came from technicians and scientists running millions of tests and trials, frantically ...

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Transcription of Amnesty International Report 2020/21

1 IiAmnesty International Report 2020/21 Amnesty INTERNATIONALA mnesty International is a movement of 10 million people which mobilizes the humanity in everyone and campaigns for change so we can all enjoy our human rights . Our vision is of a world where those in power keep their promises, respect International law and are held to account. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and individual donations. We believe that acting in solidarity and compassion with people everywhere can change our societies for the International is impartial. We take no position on issues of sovereignty, territorial disputes or International political or legal arrangements that might be adopted to implement the right to self- determination. This Report is organized according to the countries we monitored during the year.

2 In general, they are independent states that are accountable for the human rights situation on their published in 2021 by Amnesty International LtdPeter Benenson House, 1, Easton Street, London WC1X 0DW United Kingdom Amnesty International 2021 Index: POL 10/3202/2021 ISBN: 978-0-86210-501-3A catalogue record for this book is available from the British language: EnglishExcept where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a CreativeCommons (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, International ) licence. licenses/by-nc- more information please visit the permissions page on our website: Report documents Amnesty International s work and concerns through absence of an entry in this Report on a particular country or territory does not imply that no human rights violations of concern to Amnesty International have taken place there during the year. Nor is the length of a country entry any basis for a comparison of the extent and depth of Amnesty International s concerns in a country.

3 Amnesty International Report 2020/21 THE STATE OF THE WORLD S HUMAN rights ivAmnesty International Report 2020/21 Amnesty International Report 2020/21vCONTENTS ANNUAL Report 2020/21 Abbreviations 7 Preface 9 Global Analysis 14 Africa regional overview 18 Americas regional overview 26 Asia-Pacific regional overview 34 Europe and Central Asia regional overview 41 Middle East and North Africa regional overview 49 Afghanistan 58 Albania 61 Algeria 62 Angola 65 Argentina 68 Armenia 70 Australia 72 Austria 73 Azerbaijan 74 Bahrain 76 Bangladesh 79 Belarus 82 Belgium 86 Benin 87 Bolivia 89 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91 Botswana 93 Brazil 94 Bulgaria 99 Burkina Faso 101 Burundi 103 Cambodia 106 Cameroon 108 Canada 110 Central African Republic 113 Chad 115 Chile 117 China 119 Colombia 125 Congo (Republic of the) 129C te d'Ivoire 131 Croatia 133 Cuba 134 Cyprus 136 Czech Republic 137 Democratic Republic of the Congo 138 Denmark 142 Dominican Republic 143 Ecuador 145 Egypt 146El Salvador 151 Equatorial Guinea 153 Eritrea 155 Estonia 156 Eswatini 157 Ethiopia 158 Fiji 161 Finland 162 France 163 Georgia 166 Germany 168 Ghana 170 Greece 172 Guatemala 174 Guinea 176 Honduras 178 Hungary 180 India 182 Indonesia 186 Iran 190 Iraq 195 Ireland 199 Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories 200 Italy 204 Japan 207 Jordan 209 Kazakhstan 212 Kenya 214 Kosovo 217 Kuwait 218 Kyrgyzstan 220 Latvia 222 Lebanon 223 Lesotho 226 Libya 228 Lithuania 232viAmnesty International Report 2020/21 Madagascar 233 Malawi 236 Malaysia 237 Mali 239 Malta 241 Mexico 243 Moldova 247 Mongolia 249 Montenegro 250 Morocco/Western Sahara 251 Mozambique 255 Myanmar 257 Nepal 260 Netherlands 262 New Zealand 263 Nicaragua 264

4 Niger 266 Nigeria 268 North Korea 273 North Macedonia 275 Norway 276 Oman 277 Pakistan 279 Palestine (State of) 282 Papua New Guinea 285 Paraguay 287 Peru 289 Philippines 291 Poland 293 Portugal 296 Puerto Rico 297 Qatar 298 Romania 301 Russian Federation 302 Rwanda 307 Saudi Arabia 309 Senegal 313 Serbia 314 Sierra Leone 316 Singapore 318 Slovakia 319 Slovenia 320 Somalia 322 South Africa 325 South Korea 328 South Sudan 330 Spain 334 Sri Lanka 337 Sudan 340 Sweden 342 Switzerland 343 Syria 345 Taiwan 349 Tajikistan 350 Tanzania 352 Thailand 355 Togo 357 Trinidad and Tobago 359 Tunisia 360 Turkey 363 Turkmenistan 368 Uganda 369 Ukraine 372 United Arab Emirates 376 United Kingdom 378 United States of America 382 Uruguay 387 Uzbekistan 388 Venezuela 390 Viet Nam 395 Yemen 397 Zambia 401 Zimbabwe 403 Amnesty International Report 2020/21viiABBREVIATIONSASEANA ssociation of Southeast Asian NationsAUAfrican UnionCEDAWUN convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against

5 WomenCEDAW CommitteeUN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against WomenCERDI nternational convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial DiscriminationCERD CommitteeUN Committee on the Elimination of Racial DiscriminationCIAUS Central Intelligence AgencyCOVID-19 Coronavirus disease-19 ECOWASE conomic Community of West African StatesEUEuropean UnionEuropean Committee for the Prevention of TortureEuropean Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or PunishmentEuropean convention on Human rights (European) convention for the Protection of Human rights and Fundamental FreedomsICCI nternational Criminal CourtICCPRI nternational Covenant on Civil and Political RightsICESCRI nternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural RightsICRCI nternational Committee of the Red CrossILOI nternational Labour OrganizationInternational convention against enforced disappearanceInternational convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced DisappearanceLGBTIL esbian, gay, bisexual.

6 Transgender and intersexNATON orth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNGONon-governmental organizationOASO rganization of American StatesOCHAU nited Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian AffairsOHCHRO ffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human RightsOSCEO rganization for Security and Co-operation in EuropePPEP ersonal protective equipmentviiiAmnesty International Report 2020/21 UKUnited KingdomUNUnited NationsUN convention against TortureConvention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or PunishmentUN Refugee ConventionConvention relating to the Status of RefugeesUN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial executionsUN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executionsUN Special Rapporteur on extreme povertyUN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rightsUN Special Rapporteur on freedom of expressionUN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expressionUN Special Rapporteur on racismSpecial Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intoleranceUN Special Rapporteur on tortureSpecial Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishmentUN Special Rapporteur on violence against womenSpecial rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequencesUNHCR.

7 The UN refugee agencyOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEFU nited Nations Children s FundUPRUN Universal Periodic ReviewUSAU nited States of AmericaWHOW orld Health OrganizationAmnesty International Report 2020/21ixPREFACEIn 2020, a mere cluster of molecules shook the whole than can be seen by the naked eye, a very local virus unleashed with marked rapidity a global pandemic. Whatever will be proven to be its precise genesis, the coronavirus (COVID-19) and its mass casualties flourished in part thanks to our global milieu of deeper, broader inequalities within and between countries. It has been made far worse by austerity policies that weakened public infrastructure and public health systems; by International architecture enfeebled in form, function and leadership. And it has been made far worse under pressure from leaders of states who demonize and exclude, asserting archaic constructs of state sovereignty and peddling rejectionist approaches to science, evidence and universal are exceptional times.

8 But have we risen to meet their challenge?Exceptional times oblige exceptional responses and demand exceptional 2020, exceptional leadership came not from power, privilege, or profits. It came instead from nurses, doctors, and health workers on the frontlines of life- saving services. It came from those who cared for older people. It came from technicians and scientists running millions of tests and trials, frantically searching for vaccines. It came from those who, bunched together more often at the very bottom of the income scale, worked to feed the rest of us; who cleaned our streets; cared for the bodies of the hundreds of thousands of deceased; repaired our essential services; patrolled our streets; drove what remained of our public 2020, as so much of the world shut down, it was those people who stood up, who stood out. So too, those who stayed home in solidarity, if they had a home to live in, who maintained emotionally costly physical distance, and who cared for those around underneath that heroism, pandemic times laid bare the devastating consequences of abuse of power, structurally and historically.

9 The COVID-19 pandemic may not define who we are, but it certainly has amplified what we should not this clearly, again people stood up. They rose against inequality, they rose against police violence targeted disproportionately against Black people, against minorities, poor, and homeless people. They rose against exclusion, patriarchy, and the hateful rhetoric and cruel conduct of supremacist demands of the Black Lives Matter and #MeToo movements echoed the world over. Public protest against repression and inequality poured onto the streets from Belarus to Poland, Iraq to Chile, Hong Kong to Nigeria. So often, at risk to their own safety, it was the leadership of human rights defenders and social justice activists the world over that urged us times we caught glimpses of exceptional political leadership, often from women leaders, who took bold and difficult decisions to protect lives, sustain health systems, make the investments needed for immediate solutions to be found at unprecedented speed, and issue economic support desperately needed by those whose livelihoods had all but International Report 2020/21 But the pandemic also amplified the mediocre and mendacious, the selfish and the fraudulent, among the world s political I write this, the richest countries have effected a near-monopoly of the world s supply of vaccines.

10 Leaving countries with the fewest resources to face the worst health and human rights outcomes and thus the longest-lasting economic and social as people die in their millions, and millions more lose their livelihoods, what are we to make of the fact that top billionaires incomes have soared, that tech-giants profits have escalated, that the stock markets across the world s financial centres have grown? Crucially, what are their proposals for shouldering their fair share of the pandemic burden; for ensuring an enduring fair and equitable recovery? In the early days of 2021, still their silence on this is can it be that, yet again, this time under a pandemic, the global economy has meant that those who had the least gave the most?2020 revealed, too, the weakness of International co-operation: a crumbling multilateral system acquiescent to the most powerful and providing feebly for the weakest; a system unable when not unwilling to scale up global solidarity.


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