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AN INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (IPA ...

AN INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (IPA). investigation OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE (PPC), INCLUDING POST TRAUMATIC GROWTH (PTG). By DAVID CHARLES BLORE. A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. School of Health and Population Sciences The University of Birmingham University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation.

an interpretative phenomenological analysis (ipa) investigation of positive psychological change (ppc), including post traumatic growth (ptg) by

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1 AN INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (IPA). investigation OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE (PPC), INCLUDING POST TRAUMATIC GROWTH (PTG). By DAVID CHARLES BLORE. A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham For the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. School of Health and Population Sciences The University of Birmingham University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation.

2 Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT. Positive Psychological Change (PPC) following trauma is a developing field for which there is no standard terminology. The plethora of labels, of which Post Traumatic Growth (PTG) is probably the most common descriptor, arguably masks a significant gap in clinical and theoretical understanding of the phenomenon.

3 One specific gap addressed by this study is PPC following psychological trauma stemming from a Road Traffic Accident (RTA) in which the person involved has subsequently received Eye Movement Desensitisation & Reprocessing (EMDR). To investigate this gap in knowledge, an INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (IPA) approach was used and twelve participants recruited via a snowball sampling method. The participants were then interviewed using a Semi-structured Interview Questionnaire (SSIQ) and the interviews were then transcribed for IPA ANALYSIS . Key themes that emerged included Navigational Struggle (NS) to describe Negative Psychological Change (NPC), and Network Growth (NG), to describe PPC.

4 At any one post-RTA/EMDR point there was a preponderance of one over the other, however, NS and NG were inseparable and found to co-exist along an NS-NG continuum. In addition, Figurative Language Use (FLU) had a significant role in both NS and NG yet was independent of both and apparently driving change towards the development of NG. Whilst NS and NG were both post-trauma phenomena, FLU seemed to hallmark expansion of memory networks as part of a general maturation process post-RTA. Furthermore, there was evidence that participants were incorporating their traumatic experiences via FLU into the rebuilding of their assumptive worlds.

5 To account for these findings, an extension to Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) the theory widely accepted to underpin EMDR - is proposed based upon a hypothesised Plasticity of Meaning (PoM), which is observable through FLU. PoM predicts which, why and how memory networks connect resulting in the adaptive processing predicted by AIP. The study's findings are re-examined in terms of consequential modifications to the clinical use of EMDR. Extensive suggestions for further research are provided. 1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. This thesis has one author but involved dozens of contributors to the overall research process.

6 Mentioning everyone right back to the author's economics teacher in 1968 who helped trigger my personal philosophy of healthcare would require many pages of acknowledgements. The following list of individuals, however, have been absolutely crucial to the six years of this study without whom there would not have been an end product. My thanks go to the study's twelve participants who gave of their time and trusted their stories to me. Thanks are due to the academic team: Dr. Derek Farrell and Professor Collette Clifford who have been crucial parts of my 6 year venture into qualitative research.

7 My most sincere thanks go to my wife, Susan, for her endless patience as well as providing me with a live' example of NG. I also thank my son, Simon, for his help and guidance on information technology. I am particularly grateful to the following colleagues: Charles Burdett, and Wilson Carswell OBE, Manda Holmshaw, Francine Shapiro and Shirley Timson, for their advice and guidance. Thanks also to the independent reviewers: Alex Button, Vicky Clarke, Manda Holmshaw, Lynne Mackay and Shirley Timson. I am also grateful to the Thessalonica Four': Derek Farrell, Claudia Herbert, Paul Keenan, and Des Poole, for their advice on formulating an early draft of the SSIQs and Simon Weston OBE for his help with the evaluation of the final version of the SSIQs.

8 Thanks are also due to Alex Linley and the team at the Centre for Applied Positive Psychology (CAPP) at the University of Warwick. Their first conference was where I met Kate Hefferon who I thank for intriguing me with her use of INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (IPA). I am also grateful to Jonathan Smith, the originator of IPA, for managing to find me an old paper of his. Other colleagues who I thank for locating reading material include Ian Pl garo . Neil for tracking down an English copy of Andr s Ortiz-Os s' book The Sense of the World, and Elizabeth and James Davies at The Davies Group Publishers in Aurora, Colorado for their help in supplying me with a copy.

9 Thanks too to Fokkina McDonnell for alerting me to Metaphors we live by, and Lynne Mackay for alerting me to Positive Psychology in Practice. Others who deserve thanking include Richard Tedeschi for email conversations relating to PTG and Chris Charlton, Head of Strategic Road Planning, North Yorkshire Police, for discussions concerning the history of RTAs and RTA terminology. Being in the right place at the right time provides one with a truly wonderful opportunity and this has happened to me on at least three occasions. Firstly, I am very grateful to Dr. Francine Shapiro for discovering EMDR, training me in Holland in 1996, and on my return to Amsterdam at the 2009 EMDR Conference providing me with very insightful advice and encouragement.

10 Secondly, I am also very fortunate that Martin Seligman chose 1999 to become the driving force behind positive psychology. His lecture in London that I attended on was truly inspiring. Thirdly, my sincere thanks go to Martin' who coincidentally also picked 1999 to tell me his amazing story and who, with hindsight, played a major role in my interest in the phenomenology of change'. David Blore, September 2011. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER 1: Page INTRODUCTION 18. Introduction .. 19. Martin' .. 20. Reflections on Martin's story .. 23. The author's historicity .. 26. Introduction to this study.


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