Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science

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3 Windows is a registered trademark of theMicrosoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh andPower Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer,Inc. Used herein under of Congress Control Number: 2007909333 Student Edition:ISBN-13: 978-0-495-50112-1 ISBN-10: 0-495-50112-3 Cengage Learning10 Davis DriveBelmont, CA 94002-3098 USAAsiaCengage Learning5 Shenton Way #01-01 UIC BuildingSingapore 068808 Australia/New ZealandCengage Learning102 Dodds StreetSouthbank, Victoria 3006 AustraliaCanadaNelson1120 Birchmount RoadToronto, Ontario M1K 5G4 CanadaEurope/Middle East/AfricaCengage LearningHigh Holborn House50/51 Bedford RowLondon WC1R 4 LRUnited KingdomLatin AmericaCengage LearningSeneca, 53 Colonia Polanco11560 Mexico Magallanes, 2528015 Madrid, SpainFor your course and learning solutions, any of our products at your local college storeor at our preferred online xi1 Introduction 12 Political Science and Scientific Methods in StudyingPolitics 11 The Range of Political Science : Historical Developments 12 Thinking Scientifically.

4 Some Foundations of Scientific Inquiry 17 Thinking Scientifically About politics 21 Case Studies 21 Survey Research 24 Experiments and Quasi-Experiments 28 Indirect Quantitative Analysis 29 Science : Limitations 31 How Can We Have a Science of Human Behavior When HumanBehavior Is Often Unique? 31 How Do We Know Our Findings Are Correct? 32 Does the Pursuit of Science Lead Us to Ignore ImportantQuestions? 32 Does Science Contradict Its Own Logic? 34 Can Science Avoid Coming into Conflict with Ethics? 35 Summing Up 39 Study Questions 39 Following up Through Internet Sources 40v3 Key Concepts in Political Science 41 Power 42 Types of Power 43 Debates in the Study of Power 55 States 56 States: State Formation, Development, and Change 58 Debates in the Study of States 59 Nations 67 States and Nations: Relations and Interactions 67 Debates in the Study of Nations 70 Summing Up 72 Study Questions 73 Following Up Through Internet Sources 744 Political Theory: Examining the Ethical Foundationsof politics 75 Analyzing Political Theory: Plato s Allegory of the Cave 76 Some Fundamental Ethical Questions in politics 79 What Purpose Should the State Serve?

5 79 Should States Promote Equality? 82 Should States Be Organized to Maximize Their Own Poweror Organized to Restrain This Power? 88 Should States Try to Help Us Be Ethical? 91 Summing Up 95 Study Questions 96 Following up Through Internet Sources 975 Political Ideologies I: Liberalism, Conservatism,and Socialism 98 Liberalism 98 Classical Liberalism 99 Modern Liberalism 104 Classical and Modern Liberalism Today 106 Conservatism 108 Traditional Conservatism 108 Traditional Conservatism Today 111 Traditional Conservatism and Classical Liberal Conservatismin Conflict 112viCONTENTSS ocialism 116 Marxism 117 Marxism-Leninism 122 Social Democracy 124 Summing Up 126 Study Questions 126 Following up Through Internet Sources 1276 Political Ideologies II: Fascism 128 The Fascism of Mussolini and Hitler 128 Neofascism 139 Summing Up 142 Study Questions 142 Following up Through Internet Sources 1437 Political Ideologies III.

6 Feminism, Environmentalism,and Postmodernism 144 Feminism 145 Liberal Feminism 150 Radical Challenges to Liberal Feminism 151 Environmentalism 154 Basic Principles 155 Diversity within Environmentalist Ideology 159A Note on Postmodernism 161 Summing Up 162 Study Questions 163 Following up Through Internet Sources 1638 Comparative politics I: Governmental Systems:Democracy and Nondemocracy 164 Democracy as a Fluid and Varied Governing Process 165 Democracies Compared 170 Participation: The United States and Switzerland 170 Pluralism: The United States and Germany 172 Developmentalism: The United States and Argentina 175 Protection: The United States and Great Britain 178 Performance: The United States and India 181 Nondemocracy: A Fluid and Varied Governing Process 183 Questions About China 188 CONTENTSviiSumming Up 190 Study Questions 192 Following up Through Internet Sources 1939 Comparative politics II: Interest Groups, Political Parties,and Elections 194 Interest Groups 195 Interest Groups in the United States 195 Interest Groups Compared: Democracies 203 Interest Groups Compared: Nondemocracies 207 Political Parties 208 Political Parties in the United States 208 Political Parties Compared: Democracies 213 Political Parties Compared: Nondemocratic and TransitionalSystems 216 Elections 217 Elections in the United States 218 Elections Compared: Democracies 226 Elections Compared: Nondemocracies 228 Summing Up 228 Study Questions 230 Following up Through Internet Sources 23110 Comparative politics III: Governing Democracies:Executives, Legislatures, and Judiciaries 232 Executive Legislative Relations.

7 Presidential and ParliamentarySystems 232 The Presidential System: The Executive 233 The British Parliamentary System: The Executive 238 Other Examples of Executive Legislative Relations 240 The Presidential System: The Legislature 241 The British Parliamentary System: The Legislature 245 Judicial Review Versus Parliamentary Sovereignty 247 Summing Up 249 Study Questions 250 Following up Through Internet Sources 25011 International Relations I: Introduction 251 Models of Analysis 253 Idealism 253viiiCONTENTSR ealism 255 International Relations: Out of Bipolarism and into the Twenty-First Century 258 Bipolar politics 258 After Bipolarism 260 International Security Questions 261 Summing Up 270 Study Questions 271 Following up Through Internet Sources 27112 International Relations II: Contemporary Issues 272 Media and politics 275 Economics and politics 279 Summing Up 287 Study Questions 287 Following up Through Internet Sources 288 NOTES 289 GLOSSARY 346 INDEX 355 CREDITS 363 CONTENTSixUPrefaceThis text seeks to introduce students to some analytical dimensions of politicalscience through discussions of research, theory, comparative, , andinternational questions within the discipline.

8 As discussed in greater detail inChapter 1, this text includes chapters on Political Science and scientific researchapproaches, key concepts in Political Science , Political theory and Political ideo-logy, comparative politics and politics , and international text draws on academic and applied contributions to Political discoursein an effort to show students that Political Science is a field of inquiry with manypractical uses. Specifically, in this text I try to introduce basic Political scienceconcepts, demonstrate their significance in understanding contemporary politicalissues, and connect the concepts to larger theoretical models of analysis. The goalof encouraging students to think critically about the questions discussed in thistext has also motivated every substantive decision throughout the Politicsis written not only to instruct, but also to provoke, tochallenge, and sometimes to unsettle readers.

9 Furthermore, I hope the text invitesstudents to explore a broader range of perspectives and sources than thosetraditionally incorporated into introductory Political Science classes; toward thisend, I have included more advanced topics, such as students and a few professors have accepted my invitation to e-mail mewith questions and comments about any issues raised in the text. These e-mailexchanges have been among the most satisfying and enriching of my academicexperiences. Students from large universities and small colleges have pushed meto think more carefully about topics and have debated with me about howconcepts in the book apply to changing Political circumstances. Just as my ownstudents at UNM continue to be among the best teachers I have ever had, my e-mail students have helped me see politics from new perspectives and havecompelled me to expand the range of questions I ask. My deepest thanks to all ofyou who have e-mailed me over the as students and reviewers helped me think more carefully about anumber of the questions discussed in the earlier editions, I have updated thisedition in a variety of ways.

10 Readers will find up-to-date electoral informationthroughout the book, as, for instance, when they encounter Liberia s EllenJohnson-Sirleaf in Chapter 1 and when they read about recent electionsin Chapter 9. The discussion of conservative theory in Chapter 5 has beenexpanded to include an analysis of neoconservatism, and the treatment of envi-ronmentalism in Chapter 7 now includes attention to global climate change. Thisedition also seeks to give greater emphasis to international and global perspectiveson Political phenomena generally; for instance, the discussion of feminism inChapter 7 includes a consideration of Islam and women/feminism. I hope thecoverage in the fourth edition helps students understand that recent politicalevents should be analyzed with the depth afforded by an intellectual engagementwith core disciplinary revised Instructor s Manual accompanies this fourth edition. The manualoffers suggestions for class discussions, writing assignments, Internet and researchprojects, and exam questions.