and レーダの原理 （電波による探知および測距）

1 - 2013/05/20 Lst. 2021/01/19 2 2 340 2=680 m 340 m/s R 680 m R=340 m c=3 108m/s RADARR adio Detection andRanging SONARS ound Navigation and Ranging LIDAR Light Detection and Ranging 3 FM-CW , RF , CQ Secondary surveillance radar system (SSR) , `` , , 2014 Primary radar , `` , , 1971 EHF SHF AM FM 470 770 MHz ( ) 1920 2200 MHz 2450 MHz LAN 2450 MHz, 5000 MHzBS, CS, Radio wavevisible43 kHz30 kHz300 kHz3 MHz30 MHz300 MHz3 GHz30 GHz300 GHz3 THz10000 THz300 HzVLFLF MF HF VHFUHF 1 mm10 cm1 m10 m100 m1 km10 kmvery low ULFultra lowvery high ultra high super high extremely high 1000 km100 mm1 cm 30 300 Hz : SLF, 3-30 Hz : ELF Ku C ASR L EHF SHF 300 MHz3 GHz30 GHz300 GHzFrequency range Band100 - 300 GHz mm75 - 110 GHz W40 - 75 GHz V27 - 40 GHz Ka 118 - 27 GHz K12 - 18 GHz Ku 28 - 12 GHzX4 - 8 GHzC2 - 4 GHzS1 - 2 GHzLThomas H.

2 Lee, Planar Microwave Engineering, , Cambridge1 GHz 30 cm 300 GHz 1 mm 1 Ka ( above K-band) 2 Ku ( under K-band)Mark A. Richards, et al, Principles of modern radar, Scitech5 X S UHFW 5 678910115, 642, 311. ( )2. Windows7 ( )3. Windows ( )4. 40 ( )5. ( 1 =40 )6. ( 1 =10 )7. (Rmax 30 km)8. (F-22, AN/APG-77) (Rmax 250 km)9. (SPY-1) (Rmax 400 km)10. (FPS-7): (Rmax 430 km)11. (E-767 AWACS) (Rmax 800 km) - 400 km - 800 km 7 Coaxial semi-rigid 50 Coaxial semi-flexible 50 Coaxial flexible 50 Coaxial flexible 75 Micro-strip Optical fiberSerial(shielded x10)PC-Audio(shielded x2)LAN(twisted pair x4)USB(shielded x5)Telephone x4 8 `` , , , 1959 t=t1t=t2t=t3 R R ct2 t c 1 NM (Nautical Mile ) 1,852 m 6,076 2 km 9 fp=1 kHz 150 kmt [s] Tp=1/fpCW Tp CW 2 Rtc t [s]t [s] 1 s100 1000 s 2pucTR 1/1000 1/10000 sT = 1/ffp.

3 Pulse repetition frequency (PRF)10 min2cvl `` , , , 1959 At=t2t=t3AB A B lminmindelay2cltv mindelay2cltv A B A B =1 s 150 m l 11 sphereDielectric sphere2r 4r 9r r r r HPB20 HPB1 12 FURUNO FAR-2107/2807 25 kW, 9410 MHz Half Power Beam width (HPB) HPBxR x R =1 R=6 km 100 m R 10 m 150 [m]2ctrt 024tPpr 02 4tGttPppGGr Gt r [m] pG[W/m2] (2) Pt [W] r [m] p0[W/m2] t [s] = [ s] c = 3 108 [m] r [m] t = 10 10-6 s = 10 s R (1)(2)(3) 1500 m 1424tGtPPpGr 0222 4(4)ttrPPGprr 0222 4(4(4 ))ttetterrePGAPGAPpArr 24etAG Gt Ae[m2] 2 Ae [m2] 1 pr0[W/m2] [m2] P [W] (3) (4)(5)(6)(7) 1 Gr = Gt 2 F.

4 T. Ulaby ``Fundamentals of applied Electromagnetics, Fifth Ed. , Prentice Hall, 2007 15 2424 24224(4 )(4 )4teteetertPAPAAPAPGrrr 222424423(4)(4) 4 (4)tttttttrePGPGGPGPArrr (9)(8) Prmin r 12432min(4 )rttPGPr or2142min4terPArP (10) (10) f = 10 GHz 100 kW 1 m2 = 10m2 Prmin= 5 pW R `` , , 1992. 65 km v 16 R(2)0tjtkRrEEe Er[V/m] (1) 02()0tjtkRvtrEEe v [m/s] R=2R0-vt 02()ttkRvt t r 2rtdkvdt 2222ddkvvf fd (2)(3)(4)F. T. Ulaby ``Fundamentals of applied Electromagnetics, Fifth Ed. , Prentice Hall, 2007 vf [Hz]t [s] t wfBfT tfrf(2)BBwwfTtTtfff (3)2 BwcTfRf (1) (2) R 2(1)Rtc FM-CW 17 , RF , CQ 18 , `` , , 2002.

5 Ground Clutter Sea Clutter Weather Clutter Angel Clutter Radar Interference False Echo Spurious Echo, Side-lobe Echo Chaff Clutter Clutter 19 | | i [degree] r=81 r=10 r=2 HorizontalVertical + + + + +10 Relative permittivityRe [ ]Im[ ]Im[ ]Re [ ]Re [ ]Im[ ]Frequency [GHz]0510152070605040302010 Relative Permittivity r800 20 , `` , , , T-2011 (H23) + + + + +10 Relative permittivityFrequency[Hz]5 CFrequency [GHz]0510152070605040302010 Relative Permittivity r80018 C40 C75 C5 C18 C40 C75 C Re [ ]Im[ ]21 , `` , , , T-2011 (H23) 22 FURUNO FR-7061 , `` , , 1972.

6 23 t=t2A `` , , , 1959 t=t1t=t3 R A A 24 ~kusama/study/cem/fdtd/fdtd_2 slit (LF) Double slit (HF)WaveguideAperture (HF)Waveguide arrayAperture (LF) 25 26 27 , `` , , 1972 /2g zEyEyEzEyzxyJSESE 123456J SEVEHE 6 28 , `` , , 1972. , `` , , 2014 B747-400 1 2 29 G Tapered Slot Antenna (TSA) , Blue BacksF-2 [J/APG-2] GaN 30 AIS VHF FR-x X 31 AIS VHF SC-50 FR-7061 X FAR-2017 X 32 FAR-2017 X AIS VHF 33X VHFL X FAR2127-20 AFFR7061FA-30SC-50 AIS ReceiverSatellite compass GPS Radar1 Radar2 , 12 150 cm, 35 kg Automatic Identification System(AIS)

7 300 , 10 147 cm, 30 kg 1 AIS GPS DUP T/R LNA) TxRx IF LORFIF9350 MHz9410 MHz60 MHzNF 6 dB 34 FURUNO FAR-2107/2807 25 kW, 9410 MHz Radar135 STC FTC , `` , , 2002. Sensitivity Time Control (STC) or Anti-clutter Sea Fast Time Constant Circuit (FTC) or Anti-clutter Rain 36 # 37 38 1 2 39 KPK cathode P plate `` , 40 B= 2vFmevBr 2()()

8 RmerBr eBm 10eBfm v B q NS mF 41 `` , , 1-200 GHz 1-2 kW, 25-100 kW MW 2450 50 MHz 500 W B. Hammack, P. Ryan, N. Ziech ``Eight amazing engineering stories, , Articulate Noise Books, 2012. 42 `` , , 1. :K :P 2. ESL ESR 1. - d dd 43 `` , , PKPKHHPKGPKHHG D: T: G: Electron tube (cathode) K P: H: K: P: H: K: 44 `` , , 1.

9 A B A C 2. C Klystron " " klyzo AC ACB 45 , `` , , , +-VL+-DCRLVrvsDioderectifierFilterVoltag eregulatorLoad+-ttttVL+-ILVPVL t [s] Tp or or IR 46 Steal Stealth Jwings, `` , , , 2012. search and track system 47 48(1) 1963 34 5000 (2) 1963 34 555km NG (3) 1963 38 6 1964 39 9 9000 (4) 100m/s 10cm 1500kW 5 m 9 m 500km 800km (5) 105km (6) FRP 135 (7) 500t 2/3 7-8 60-40 (8)

10 600 kg 10 1 400 kg 7 3t (9) 1978 2 (10) 1999 35 (11) 2000 IEEE (12) 2004 49 2 3 : (1) 4 km (2) km (3) 150 [m] (4) 2L/c [s] 1 12 3 [ s] lmin 4 L[m] 50 144 R[m] (1) 2 R ( 2) (2) 2 R ( 2) (3) 2 2 R ( 2) (4) 2 R ( 2) (5) 2 R ( 2) 3 2 A, , (5) 51 146 10 km, 30 dB, m2, 2 [m2] 10-11W (1) 140 W(2) 280 W(3) 560 W(4) 1,200 W(5)