AP Biology Vocabulary List

1 AP Biology Vocabulary ListThis is a list of terms that you should be able to define/describe. A good rule of thumb to keep in mind when determining ifyou can define/describe these terms is whether or not you can explain them to a (reasonably) intelligent Process:accuracyChi-squarecontrolconstan tdeductive reasoningdependent variablegraphhypothesisindependent variableinductive reasoningmeanmedianmodelobservationpreci sionpredictionratescientific methodtabletrendvariableBiochemistry:ami no acidamphipathiccarbohydratecarbondenatur ationdisaccharideester bondfibrous proteinglobular proteinglycosydic bondhydrogen bondionlipidmacromoleculemonomermonosacc haridenitrogennon-polar moleculenucleic acidnucleotideorganic moleculepeptide bondphospholipidpolar moleculepolymerproteinwaterEvolution:ada ptationadaptive radiationalleleallopatricanalogous structureartificial selectionbackground extinction ratebiogeographybiological speciescoevolutioncommon ancestorcomparative anatomyconvergent evolutionDarwinfossilfossil recordfounder effectgeologic time scalegeologygene flowgene poolgenetic bottleneckgenetic driftgenetic equilibriumgenetic variationgenotypegradualism (aka anagenesis)Hardy-Weinberg equationnatural selectionpaleontologypanspermiaparallel evolutionphenotypephylogenypolymorphismp olyploidypopulationpostzygotic isolating mechanismprezygotic isolating mechanismprimordial environmentradiometric datingrandom matingpage 1differential survivaldirectional selectiondisruptive selectiondivergent evolution (akacladogenesisendosymbiosisepochevo-de voevolutionevolutionary fitnessextinctionfixation (of alleles))

2 Homologous structureshomologyhybridLast Universal CommonAncestormass extinctionmigrationMiller-Urey experimentsmodern synthesismolecular clockmutationrelative datingreproductive isolationRNA worldrock strataspeciationspeciesstromatolitesympa trictransitional fossilvestigial organClassification & Biological Diversity:ArchaeaBacteriabinomial nomenclaturecladisticscladogramclassdist inguishing featureEukaryafamilygenuskingdommonophyl eticorderparaphyleticphylogenetic treephylogenyphylumpolyphyleticshared derived characteristicshared ancestral characteristicspeciestaxonCells:active transportamphipathicapoptosisaquaporinca rrier proteincell wallcentrioleschannel proteinchloroplastcommunicationcyclic AMP (cAMP)concentration gradientcytoplasmcytoskeletondiffusionel ectron microscopeendocytosisendoplasmic reticulumglycolipidglycoproteinGolgi apparatusG-protein linked receptorhormonehypertonichypotonicion pumpisotonicligandlight microscopelysosomemagnificationmembranem itochondrionnecrosisnuclear envelopenuclear porephospholipidphosphorylation cascadepinocytosisplasma membraneplasmolysisprokaryotic cellprotein kinasequorum sensingreceptorresolutionribosomerough ERsecond messengerselectively permeablesignal cascadesignal transductionsignal transduction pathwaysmooth ERpage 2exocytosiseukaryotic cellfacilitated diffusionflagellafluid mosaic modelnucleusorganellesosmosispassive transportphagocytosissurface area.

3 Volume ratiotransmembrane proteinturgorvacuoleCell Division:anaphasecancercell cyclecellular differentiationcell divisioncentrioleschromosomecrossing overcrossover frequencycyclin-dependent kinasecytokinesisdifferentiationdiploid (2N)DNA replicationfertilizationgametehaploid (1N)homologous chromosomesindependent assortmentinterphasematernal chromosomemeiosismetaphasemitosisnuclear divisionp53paternal chromosomepotencyprophaserecombinationse x chromosomesomatic cellspecialized cellsynapsistelophaseMolecular Genetics:activatoramino acidsanticodonbase-pairing rulescell differentiationconstituitive genecoding strandcodonDNADNA ligaseDNA polymeraseDNA replicationembryonic inductionexonsgel electrophoresisgene expressiongene inductiongene repressiongenetic codegenetic engineeringgenetic transplantationhelicasehomeotic genesHOX geneshydrogen bondinginducible genesintronslac operonlagging strandleading strandmicro RNA (miRNA)morphogenesismorphogensmutationnu cleic acidsnucleotidesOkazaki fragmentspolymerase chain reactionproteinregulatory sequencereplication forkrepressorrestriction enzymereverse transcriptaseRNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNARNA ismall interfering RNA (siRNA)small regulatory RNAstart codon/stop codontemplate strandtranscriptiontranscription factorstransgenic organismtranslationpage 3 Mendelian Genetics.)

4 Alleleautosomeback crossclinecodominancecontinuous variationcrossdihybrid crossdiscontinuous variationdominantF1/F2 Generationgenetic counselinggenomic imprintinggenotypeheterozygoushomozygous incomplete dominanceindependent assortmentlethal allelelinkagemonohybrid crossmultiple allelesnon-disjunctionnon-nuclear inheritancepedigree analyisisphenotypephenotypic plasticitypolygenetic inheritancePunnett squarepure-breeding (akatrue-breeding)recessivesegregationse lfingsex chromosomesex-limited traitssex linked genetest crosstraitMetabolismabsorption spectrumaccessory pigmentacetyl coAaction spectrumactivation energyactive siteanabolismanaerobic metabolismallosteric regulationATPautotrophCalvin cyclecatabolismcatalystcellular respirationchemiosmosischemoautotrophchl orophyllchloroplastcitric acid cyclecoenzymecofactorcompartmentalizatio nconsumercyclic electron flowdenaturationelectron transport chainentropyendergonic reactionenzymeexergonic reactionfeedback inhibitionfermentationglycolysisheterotr ophinduced fit modellight dependent reactionslight independent reactionsmetabolic pathwaymitochondrionNADNADP negative feedbacknon-cyclic electron flowoxidative phosphorylationphotolysisphotosynthesisp ositive feedbackribulose bisphosphatesubstrate-level phosphorylationthylakoid

5 MembranePhysiologycell-mediated immunitycircadian rhythmclosed circulatory systemclonal selectioncompanion cellcortexcountercurrent exchangecourtshiphumoral immunityhypothalamusinflammationinhibiti oninsulinintegrationintracellular digestionimmune responsepostsynapticpresynapticprimary immune responsepressure-flow hypothesispulmonary circulationreflexrefractory periodreproductive strategypage 4dentitiondiabetesdiastoledigestive enzymesdigestive tractdiseasedopaminedouble circulatory systemectothermicelectrochemical gradientendocrine signalingendodermisendothermicestivation excretionextracellular digestionfibringas exchangegastrovascular cavitygillsglucagonguard cellsheartheart valveshibernationHIVhomeostasishormoneki dneyleafleukocyteloop of henlelungslymphocytememory cellsmesophyllmetabolismmigrationmotor neuronmyelinmyosinneuromuscular junctionneuronneurotransmitternitrogenou s wastenodes of Ranviernon-specific defenseopen circulatory systemosmoregulationpassive immunitypathogenphagocytephagocytosisphl oemphotoperiodismphytochromerespiratory surfaceresting potentialrootroot hairroot pressuresaltatory conductionSchwann cellssecondary immune responsesensory neuronsensory receptorserotoninsinoatrial nodeskeletal musclespecific defensestemstimulusstomatasymplastsynaps eT-celltranspirationtranspirational pullvaccinationveinventriclevillixerophy texylemEcologyabiotic factorabundanceadaptationage structurebiodiversitybiomebiotic factorcarbon cyclecarrying capacityclimate changecommunityconservationdecomposerdem ographydensity dependent factorfood chainfood webglobal warminggreenhouse effectgreenhouse gasgross primary productivityhabitathydrologic cycleimprintinginterspecific competitionintraspecific

6 Competitionintroduced speciesK-selectionkeystone specieslearningnitrogen cyclenutrient cycleparasitephotoautotrophpopulationpop ulation growthpopulation sizepollutionpredatorprimary consumerquadratrate of increaseresilliencer selectionsaprophytepage 5detritovoredistributionecologial nicheecological pyramidecological successionecosystemecosystem stabilityendangered speciesexponential growthlife historylife tableslimiting factorlogistic growthmark and recapturemigrationmortalitymutualismnet primary productivitysecondary consumerspecies diversitysurvivorship curvesymbiosisten percent rulethreatened speciestrophic efficiencytrophic levelurbanizationpage 6