APPROACHES TO HEALTH PROMOTION - Info Sihat

1 APPROACHESTO HEALTH PROMOTIONA pproaches to HEALTH Promotion1. Medical2. Behaviour change3. Educational4. Empowerment5. Social change Aim To reduce morbidity and premature mortality. To ensure freedom from disease anddisability. Activity Uses medical intervention to prevent ill-healthor premature death. Eg. - Immunization, screening, on scientific Approach Expert-led, top down. Emphasizescompliance. Does not focus on positive HEALTH . Ignores social and environmentaldimensions. Evaluation: Reduction in disease rates &associated ApproachBehaviour Change Approach Aim To encourage individuals to adopt healthybehaviours. Views HEALTH as the responsibility of individuals. Methods: CommunicationEducationPersuasion, motivation Expert-led, top down. Victim-blaming Behaviour is very complex & Change Approach Evaluation:Behaviour change afterthe intervention. The behaviour change is only apparentafter a long time.

2 Difficult to isolate any behaviour changeas attributable to a HEALTH Approach Aim To provide knowledge and information. To develop the necessary skills for informed choice. The outcome is client s voluntary choice. Methods Information-giving through interpersonal channels,small groups and mass media, so that the clients canmake an informed choice. Group discussion for sharing and exploring healthattitudes Role play for decision-making and negotiating skillsEducational Approach Weakness Assumes that by increasing knowledge, therewill be an attitudinal change, which leads tobehavioural change. Ignores the constraints thatsocial, economic and environmental factorsplace on voluntary change. Evaluation Knowledge, attitude and Or Client-centred Approach Aim Helps people to identify their own needsand concerns, and gain the necessary skillsand confidence to act upon of HEALTH promoter: facilitator Or Client-centred Approach Two types of empowerment:1.

3 Self-empowerment- based on counselling and aimed at increasingpeople s control over their own Community empowerment- related to community development to createactive, participating communities which are able tochange the world about them through aprogramme of action. Methods Client-centred, including counselling, communitydevelopment and advocacy. HEALTH advocacy refers to the action of HEALTH professionalsto influence and shape the decisions and actions ofdecision- and policy-makers who have some control overthe resources which affect or influence HEALTH Promoting public involvement and participation indecision-making on HEALTH -related issues. Evaluation Difficult because empowerment is long term. Results are hard to specify and Or Client-centred Approach Evaluation includes:- Outcome evaluation- the extent towhich specific aims have been met. Process evaluation- the degree towhich the individual and communityhave been empowered as a result of Or Client-centred ApproachSocietal/Social Change Approach Aim To bring about changes in physical, social, andeconomic environment which enables people toenjoy better HEALTH .

4 Radical HEALTH PROMOTION - makes theenvironment supportive of HEALTH . To make the healthy choice the easier choice. The focus is on changing society, not onchanging the behaviour of individuals. Methods Focus on shaping the HEALTH environment lobbying/advocacy development of healthy public policiesand legislation fiscal measures creating supportive social and physicalenvironmentsSocietal/Social Change ApproachApproaches in HEALTH PROMOTION :the example of healthy eatingApproachAimsMethodsWorker/clientre lationshipMedicalTo identifythose at riskfrom body , in HEALTH PROMOTION :the example of healthy eatingApproachAimsMethodsWorker/clientre lationshipBehaviourchangeTo encourageindividuals totakeresponsibilityfor their ownhealth one-to-one advice,information,masscampaigns, LookAfter YourHeart in HEALTH PROMOTION :the example of healthy eatingApproachAimsMethodsWorker/clientre lationshipEducationalTo increaseknowledgeand skillsabout ofattitudesthrough smallgroup skills, shealth be alsoinvolve clientnegotiation ofissues in HEALTH PROMOTION .

5 The example of healthy eatingApproachAimsMethodsWorker/clientre lationshipEmpowermentTo work withclient orcommunitiesto meet foodco-op, fatwomen isfacilitator,client changeTo addressinequalities inhealth basedon class, race,gender, oforganizationalpolicy, hospitalcatering policyPublic healthlegislation, controls, to farmersto produce socialregulation andis in HEALTH PROMOTION :the example of healthy eating