ASSESSMENT in COUNSELING

1 ASSESSMENTinCOUNSELINGA Guide to the Use of Psychological ASSESSMENT ProceduresFOURTH EDITIONA lbert B. Hood and Richard W. JohnsonAMERICAN COUNSELING ASSOCIATION5999 Stevenson AvenueAlexandria, VA Guide to the Use of Psychological ASSESSMENT ProceduresFOURTH EDITIONC opyright 2007 by the american COUNSELING association . All rights reserved. Printed in theUnited States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, nopart of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or storedin a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the COUNSELING Association5999 Stevenson AvenueAlexandria, VA 22304 Director of PublicationsCarolyn C.

2 BakerProduction ManagerBonny E. GastonCopy EditorJudith O. JohnsonEditorial AssistantCatherine A. BrumleyCover and text design by Bonny E. GastonLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataHood, Albert B. (Albert Bullard), 1929 ASSESSMENT in COUNSELING : a guide to the use of psychological ASSESSMENT procedures/Albert B. Hood and Richard W. Johnson. 4th bibliographical references and : 978-1-55620-261-2 (alk. paper)ISBN-10: 1-55620-261-X (alk. paper)1. Psychological tests. 2. COUNSELING . I. Johnson, Richard W., 1934 II. Title. 7 dc222006024532iiiTable of ContentsForeword by C. Gilbert WrennixPrefacexiAcknowledgmentsxiiiAbout the AuthorsxvSECTIONIB asic Concepts of Psychological AssessmentCHAPTER 1 Use of ASSESSMENT Procedures in Counseling3 Purpose of Psychological Assessment3 Principles of Psychological Assessment6 Attitudes Toward Psychological Assessment7 Test Usage in Different Settings9 Summary11 CHAPTER 2 Nature of Psychological ASSESSMENT in Counseling13 Distinctions Among Psychological ASSESSMENT Procedures13 Types of Psychological ASSESSMENT Methods15 Standards and Guidelines for Evaluating Tests and Test Usage18 Sources of Information About ASSESSMENT Procedures21 Summary22 CHAPTER 3 Measurement Concepts and Test Interpretation23 Measures of Central Tendency

3 And Variability25 Norms and Types of Scores26 Correlation29 Reliability29 Validity33 Test Development38 Summary38 CHAPTER 4 Initial and Outcome Assessments in Counseling39 Client Orientation Toward Problem Solving39 Defining the Problem41 Evaluating COUNSELING Outcomes49 Test Selection, Administration, and Scoring51 Summary55 SECTIONIIC ognitive AssessmentCHAPTER 5 ASSESSMENT of Intelligence59 Popular Individual Intelligence Tests60 Group Intelligence Tests65 Interpreting Intelligence Test Results67 Giftedness and Creativity68 Summary68 CHAPTER 6 Academic Aptitude and Achievement71 Tests for Higher Education71 Graduate and Professional School Admissions Tests77 Administering and Interpreting Academic Aptitude Tests79 Academic Achievement Tests81 Study Habits Inventories87 Cognitive Developmental Theories88 Summary88 SECTIONIIIC areer and Life Planning AssessmentCHAPTER 7 Measures of Career Choice and Development93 Attitudes Toward Career Planning93 Career Planning Competencies98 Combined

4 Measures of Career Planning Attitudes and Competencies99 Use of Career Development Measures in Counseling102 Summary103 CHAPTER 8 Measures of Work and Personal Values105 Values Inventories105 Values Clarification Exercises113 Summary114ivTable of ContentsCHAPTER 9 ASSESSMENT of Interests115 Types of Interest Inventories115 Selection of Interest Inventories for Counseling116 Popular Interest Inventories117 Interpretation of Interest Inventories in Counseling132 Summary133 CHAPTER 10 Comprehensive ASSESSMENT Programs for Career and Life Planning135 Nonstandardized ASSESSMENT Programs 135 Standardized ASSESSMENT Programs 136 Use of Comprehensive ASSESSMENT Programs in Counseling144 Summary145 SECTIONIVP ersonality AssessmentCHAPTER 11 Personality Inventories149 Inventory Development149 Self-Report Personality Inventories150 Summary161 CHAPTER 12 Projective Techniques and Other Personality Measures 163 Projective Techniques163 Person Environment Interaction165 Health and Lifestyle Inventories167 Psychosocial Development167 Summary168 CHAPTER 13 ASSESSMENT of Interpersonal Relationships169 Inventories for Marriage, Couples, and Family Counseling169 Interpersonal ASSESSMENT Inventories172 Genograms174 Summary176 CHAPTER 14 Mental Health ASSESSMENT .

5 Interview Procedures177 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM IV TR) 177 Suicide Risk Assessment181 ASSESSMENT of Alcohol Use185 Summary189 CHAPTER 15 Mental Health ASSESSMENT : Standardized Inventories191 General-Purpose Measures191 Specific-Purpose Measures198 Summary207 Table of ContentsvSECTIONVP rofessional Practices and ConsiderationsCHAPTER 16 ASSESSMENT of Minority and Special Populations211 Cultural Bias in Testing211 Aptitude and Cognitive Assessment213 Career Assessment217 Personality Assessment218 ASSESSMENT of Clients With Disabilities220 Cognitive Disabilities223 ASSESSMENT of Older Adults223 Summary225 CHAPTER 17 Communication of Test Results227 General Guidelines for Communicating Test Results228 Guidelines for the Test Interpretation Interview229 Guidelines for the Case Conference231 Guidelines for Report Writing232 Summary234 CHAPTER 18 Ethical and

6 Social Issues in Testing235 Professional Ethical Standards235 Ethical Standards for Test Quality236 Counselor Competence in Testing236 Client Welfare Issues237 Controversial Issues in Testing239 Testing and Technology240 COUNSELING Process Issues241 Final Statement242 SECTIONVIA ppendixesAPPENDIX AExcerpts From the ACA Code of Ethics(2005)247 APPENDIX BResponsibilities of Users of Standardized Tests (RUST), Third Edition251 APPENDIX CExcerpts From the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing257viTable of ContentsAPPENDIX DNames and Acronyms of Tests Commonly Used by Counselors and the Names and Addresses of Publishers of Those Tests259 Permissions267 References269 Subject Index309 Name Index319 Table of ContentsviiixForewordWritten for the First EditionPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS first became available in the United States during the early partof the century.

7 Lewis Terman s Stanford Binet Intelligence Test, a carefully standardized andindividually administered intelligence test that initiated the famous MA/CA IQ, becamepublic in 1916. This remained a basic test for the next 7 decades and beyond. In 1921 Arthur Otis,a former student of Terman s, published the first group intelligence test, a paper-and-pencil testusing the extensive research performed on the Army Alpha and the Army Beta tests of World War K. Strong, Jr., opened another area when the Vocational Interest Blank was published in test, with major revisions and additions, has become one of the most widely used tests of thecentury. Robert Woodworth s Personal Data Sheet appeared early in the 1920s.

8 Around 1930 per-sonality tests began to make their appearance, with pioneering productions by Robert Bernreuterand Hugh Bell. All but one of these early productions originated at Stanford University. They be-came part of my life because I did my graduate work at Stanford at about that time (1928 1932)with Terman and Strong as my MA and PhD advisors. I did my bit in these early ventures bybringing out the first edition of the Study Habits Inventory in me add to the personal note of these years by recalling that during my first year at StanfordI was given an appointment as what we would now call a student personnel assistant Stanford sfirst. This involved COUNSELING in the registrar s office and giving admissions tests for the univer-sity.

9 Stanford had pioneered in those early days by giving what we would now call scholastic ap-titude tests as part of the admissions process. I made trips each spring throughout the state givingthe Thorndike Intelligence Test to prospective students at Stanford testing centers. Kathleen, mywife, accompanied me and scored the tests as we moved along at 25 an hour!After 8 years at Stanford, I accepted an appointment at the University of Minnesota (1936 1964)and again moved into another center of intense test activity. Over these past 75 years, I have seenan accelerating development of psychological tests and other types of ASSESSMENT , tests for manypurposes. During World War II, tests were used in selecting millions of war workers, in assigningother millions in the Armed Forces, and in diagnosing the mental and social health problems ofmen and women under stress.

10 Today also, tests are used to make decisions for or against a is not a counselor s use of tests; a counselor uses tests or other ASSESSMENT measures to helpclients understand themselves. The authors of this book state this very clearly in words that shouldappear in large black type: In the COUNSELING setting .. psychological tests are used to helpclients to understand themselves.. [They are used] primarily to assist individuals in develop-ing their potential to the fullest and to their own satisfaction [italics mine] from Final Statement, Chapter 18, p. is a significant book in my experience, a book written by two professionals whose schol-arship, depth of experience with ASSESSMENT in COUNSELING , and sheer desire to be helpful to thereader are apparent on every page.