August 2021 | Current Affairs Capsule

1 August 2021 | Current Affairs Capsule 1 | | | Adda247 App August 2021 | Current Affairs Capsule 2 | | | Adda247 App Monthly Current Affairs Magazine August 2021 It is the time to fast-track and target the UPSC Civil Services Examination preparation for Prelims 2021. To ease the preparation, we are providing monthly Current Affairs compilation for the aspirants. The magazine contains subject-wise distribution of comprehensive news articles, and a separate section for Prelims Booster Articles. "Every day is a chance to begin again. Don't focus on the failures of yesterday, start today with positive thoughts and expectations." - Catherine Pulsifer Contents Polity & Governance .. 3 International Relations .. 27 Economy .. 32 Social Issues .. 45 Environment & Biodiversity .. 50 Science & Technology .. 60 Security .. 65 History, Art & Culture .. 68 Prelims Booster Articles .. 70 August 2021 | Current Affairs Capsule 3 | | | Adda247 App Polity & Governance Uttar Pradesh Draft Population Bill 2021 Context Uttar Pradesh s state law commission has presented a draft Population Bill 2021 while inviting comments from experts and other stakeholders.

2 It proposes to introduce two-child policy norms by incentivizing it through various government measure. The draft law is based on the findings of the National Family Health Survey-4. Key features: Rationale for the draft bill: o Effective use of limited ecological and economic resources at hand. o For promotion of sustainable development with more equitable distribution. o to ensure healthy birth spacing through measures related to augmenting the availability, accessibility and affordability of quality reproductive health services to achieve the goal of population control, stabilization and its welfare in the State Dis-incentives: for couples violating the two-child policy norms. o Debarred from benefits of all government-sponsored welfare schemes, o Cannot contest election to local bodies, o Ineligible to apply for government jobs under the state government, o Cannot get a promotion in a government job, o His or her ration card would be limited to four members, and o He or she shall be ineligible to receive any kind of government subsidy.

3 Incentives: for couples adhering to two-child policy norms. o A soft housing loan, rebate on charges for utilities such as water, electricity, and house tax among other things. o Government employees who adhere to the two-child norm will also get two additional increments during the entire service, maternity or paternity leave of 12 months with full salary and allowances and free health care facility and insurance coverage to the spouse. Incentives for those with single child: This for those who have only one child and undergo voluntary sterilization will get additional benefits like- o Free health care facilities and free insurance coverage to the single child till they turn 20, o Preference to single child in admission in all educational institutions, including IIMs and AIIMS, free education up to graduation level, o Scholarship for higher studies in case of a girl child and preference to a single child in government jobs.

4 O Public servants: sticking to the one-child norm will be eligible for four additional increments in all apart from the incentives promised to the general public doing the same. o Couple living below the poverty line: having one child and one of them go voluntary sterilization, will be eligible for monetary benefits (Rs 80,000 if the single child is a boy, and Rs 1 Lakh if the single child is a girl) from the government. Associated concerns with the draft bill Puts women s health and well-being at risk: o Women sterilization will likely to get increased as burden of contraception and family planning disproportionately falls on women. o Stringent population control measures have potential to magnify unsafe abortion as there is strong son-preference in Indian society as has been seen in many states . August 2021 | Current Affairs Capsule 4 | | | Adda247 App Disproportionately affecting marginalized sections of the society: as they are prone to socio-economic benefits provided by the government.

5 Evidence also suggests that coercive measures doesn t result in population control in India. o For example, putting bar on individuals having more than two children from contesting local elections, will disproportionately affect poor s representation in local bodies. Way forward: Focusing on socio-economic empowerment: will lead to comprehensive development of new generation along with reducing the fertility rate of the state as has been witnessed in many south Indian states . Harnessing the population growth for achieving sustainable economic growth: this can be done by comprehensively researching various aspects of population growth. Collaborative and cooperative approach towards family planning: The government at all levels- Union, State and Local, citizens, civil societies as well as the businesses must take the onus to promote awareness and advocate the sexual and reproductive rights of women and encourage the use of contraception.

6 Supreme Court Verdict on 97th Amendment Context Recently, Supreme Court quashed some provisions of 97th Constitutional Amendments that deals with cooperative societies . Key points The Supreme Court has upheld the judgement of the Gujarat High Court and has struck down some of the provisions with a 2:1 majority. While Justices Nariman and Justice Gavai struck down only that part of Part IXB that dealt with cooperative societies and were confined to states , Justice Joseph in a separate judgment struck down the entire 97th constitutional amendment. Supreme Court held that cooperative societies is a subject in List II (State List) of the 7th Schedule of Indian Constitution. So, the Parliament do not have the constitutional mandate to make laws on this subject. The 97th amendment gave usurping power to the Parliament and made a direct in-road into the exclusive domain of states to enact laws with regard to cooperatives.

7 Background The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act was enacted in 2011 to deal with issues relating to co-operatives societies of our country. The amendment inserted the word cooperatives in Article 19(1)(c), Article 43B and Part IXB of Indian Constitution. View of the Union Government The centre has emphasised on the importance of 97th amendment. It said that the provision was added to bring uniformity and professionalism in the management of cooperative societies . cooperative societies were suffering from poor services and low productivity due to lack of accountability by the members. Elections are not held on time. Co- operative societies need to run on democratic principles. These reasons have made it imperative for the centre to intervene. Supreme Court reply Supreme Court, however, said that had the centre s objective were to bring uniformity, it should have done it through Article 252 of Indian Constitution that deals with power of Parliament to legislate for two or more states by consent.

8 It held that as per Article 368(2) of the Constitution, the 97th Constitutional Amendment required ratification by at least one-half of the state legislatures. Since such ratification was not done in the case of the 97th amendment, it was unconstitutional and need to be struck down. What the SC upheld? The SC upheld the validity of provisions related to multi State cooperative societies (MSCS). It did not strike down the portions of Part IXB of the Amendment concerning multi State Co- operative societies (MSCS) due to the lack of ratification as discussed above. Here SC was of the view that MSCS are not confined to one state, thus, the legislative power dealing with this section would reside with Union of India as given under Entry 44 List I (Union List) of the 7th Schedule of the Constitution. August 2021 | Current Affairs Capsule 5 | | | Adda247 App Way forward The judgement declared that Part IXB of the Constitution is operative only insofar as it concerns MSCS both within the various states and in the Union Territories.

9 Sedition Law: Background, Relevance and Challenges of the Colonial Law Context Recently, Supreme Court while criticizing the government for its frequent use of sedition law, asked why a colonial law used against Mahatma Gandhi and Bal Gangadhar Tilak continued to survive in the law book after 75 years of Independence. Key points about sedition law About: It is a crime under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Definition: Section 124A defines sedition as an offence committed when "any person by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the government established by law in India". o Disaffection includes disloyalty and all feelings of enmity. o However, comments without exciting or attempting to excite hatred, contempt or disaffection, will not constitute an offence under this section.

10 Punishment under sedition law: o Sedition is a non-bailable offence. o Punishment under the Section 124A ranges from imprisonment up to three years to a life term, to which fine may be added. o A person charged under this law is barred from a government job. o They have to live without their passport and must produce themselves in the court at all times as and when required. Observations made by freedom fighters: o Mahatma Gandhi called it- the prince among the political sections of the IPC designed to suppress the liberty of citizens. o Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru said that the provision was obnoxious and highly objectionable and the sooner we get rid of it the better . Historical background It was originally drafted in 1837 by Thomas Macaulay but later inexplicably omitted when the Indian Penal Code (IPC) was enacted in 1860. It was further re-introduced as Section 124A under IPC in 1870 by Sir James Stephen in response to the Wahabi movement.