Automotive Ethernet

1 Automotive Ethernet :The Definitive GuideCharles M. Kozierok Colt Correa Robert B. Boatright Jeffrey QuesnelleIllustrated by Charles M. Kozierok, Betsy Timmer, Matt Holden, Colt Correa & Kyle Irving Cover by Betsy Timmer Designed by Matt HoldenAutomotive Ethernet : The Definitive Guide. Copyright 2014 Intrepid Control rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and in the : 0-9905388-0-XISBN-13: 978-0-9905388-0-6 For information on distribution or bulk sales, contact Intrepid Control Systems at (586) 731-7950. You can purchase the paperback or electronic version of this book at or on Amazon. We d love to hear your feedback about this book email us at and company names mentioned in this book may be the trademarks of their respective owners.

2 Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurence of a trademarked name, we are using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the information in this book is distributed on an As Is basis, without warranty. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, neither the authors nor Intrepid Control Systems shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this 2014 Intrepid Control Systems. All Rights Reserved. Bob Metcalfe, Inventor of EthernetAutomotive Ethernet If You Build It, They Will ComeThe early Internet of 1969 ran across transcontinental trunks at 50 kilobits per second, creating what we might dub the Kilobit Internet. Advances such as fiber optics and dense wave-division multiplexing (DWDM) in the 1990s brought us forward to the Megabit Internet of today.

3 What s next? We network plumbers are now gigifying the Internet, with the Gigabit Internet promising incredible performance beyond anything most Internet users can dream of what will all this power be used for?We envision that new technologies will not only expand the Internet s speed, but also broaden its scope. The Internet of Things (IoT) will bring device connectivity on a scale unimaginable even given the current Internet s enormous size, making good use of those gigabit connections. And another place where I see the Internet becoming ubiquitous is in the billions of microcontrollers used in modern automobiles, especially as we add new safety, convenience and entertainment capabilities, and eventually move toward driverless transportation for greater safety and efficiency. Many people don t realize that modern cars are already heavily networked, and becoming more so every day. Planners foresee no fewer than four kinds of Automotive networking in the future:vi 2014 Intrepid Control Systems.

4 All Rights Reserved. Networking within cars, to implement systems control, driver feedback, safety features, entertainment and many other Networking between cars, to implement capabilities such as collision Networking between cars and the road infrastructure, for greater safety and Networking from cars to the Internet, to allow passengers to get driving-related information such as maps and traffic updates in a timely manner, or simply to remain part of our always-connected networks are currently mostly focused on the first category in-vehicle systems which are presently implemented using relatively slow technologies not found outside the Automotive industry. As the inner workings of cars become more intelligent and complex, they increasingly demand improvements in the networking area. But any new technology used here needs to be not just faster, cheaper, and capable of connecting many nodes it also needs to be standardized and widely adopted, to enable compatibility and connectivity among diverse suppliers and I have been saying for 40 years: If it s networking that you need, Ethernet is the answer; what is the question?

5 In this case, we there might be consider two related questions: What took the Automotive world so long? And how will it now use Ethernet going forward? . This book provides the answers to these comprises much of the Internet s packet plumbing, and its reach is enormous. It has also been evolving rapidly since its invention as a personal computer LAN back on May 22, 1973, and doing so quite successfully as a set of open standards under IEEE Project 802. It has also been adapted from wired to wireless in the form of Wi-Fi, also known as wireless Ethernet , which will play a key role in external Automotive networking in the future. More than a billion wired and wireless (Wi-Fi) Ethernet ports now ship annually, and the Automotive industry represents the potential for this number to increase book is about Ethernet , and how its many advantages and innovations will move in-car networking to the next level, setting the stage for a true revolution in the capabilities of vehicles and how we use them.

6 It provides essential reference material for the intersection of the Automotive networking world and the Ethernet world, and points the way to the future of the connected vehicle. It is a guide to the next big thing in the Gigabit Internet: Automotive MetcalfeInventor of Ethernet TechnologyProfessor of Innovation, Murchison Fellow of Free EnterpriseUniversity of Texas at AustinTABLE OF CONTENTSPART I: INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL AND Automotive NETWORKING ..1 Chapter 1: The Motivation for Automotive Ethernet : Advantages and Opportunities .. Introduction .. Two Worlds Collide .. Automotive Electronics - A Market for Growth .. Ethernet - An Ocean of Possibilities .. Increasing Bandwidth and Future-Proof Technology .. Full-Duplex, Packet-Switched, Address-Based Networking .. Full-Duplex Operation .. Packet Switching .. Address-Based Messaging .. Electrical Isolation .. Power over Ethernet (PoE) and Power over Data Lines (PoDL).

7 High Speed and Low Weight .. Product Differentiation - It s No Longer About Nuts and Bolts .. Wireless Summary ..18 Chapter 2: Overview, Background and Business Requirements of Automotive Networking .. Introduction .. A Brief History of Automotive Networking .. The First Serial Communications .. Real-Time Networks .. Establishing CAN as an Industry Standard .. Beyond CAN .. The Dawn of Automotive Ethernet .. Safety .. The Double Edged Sword of Automotive Electronics .. ISO 26262 - Road Vehicle Safety Standard for Electrical and Electronic Systems .. Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) .. Achieving Functional Safety .. Component Contrasting the Average Lifespan of Consumer Electronics and Vehicles .. The Development Cycle of Consumer Electronics Compared to Automobiles .. Summary of Important Factors for Component Availability .. Cost Considerations .. Electronics Content in a Modern Ethernet : The Definitive Guide 2014 Intrepid Control Systems.

8 All Rights Reserved. Profit Margins for Automotive Manufacturers .. Changing Times Mean New Cost Equations in the Networking World ..35 Chapter 3: Electrical Requirements for Automotive Electronics .. Power Supply / Voltages .. Reverse Polarity .. Cold Cranking Voltage .. Load Dump .. Power Management .. Parked State Power Consumption (Parasitic Current Draw) .. Power Connections to an ECU .. Automotive Transceivers .. Typical System Sleep / Standby Modes .. Wakeup / Boot Time .. Virtual Networking .. Partial Networking .. Electromagnetic Compatibility .. Emissions Testing .. Immunity (Susceptibility) Testing ..59 Chapter 4: Environmental and Mechanical Requirements for Automotive Electronics .. Environmental Concerns .. Constant Temperature Conditions .. Temperature Fluctuations and Temperature Step Testing .. Temperature Cycling .. Ice Water Shock Testing .. Salt Spray.

9 Cyclic Humid Heat .. Dust .. Mechanical Loads / Vibrations .. Thermal Impact of Mechanical Loads .. Free Fall / Drop Test .. Vehicle Body / Sprung Masses .. Wheels, Suspension / Unsprung Masses .. Doors, Hood and Trunk .. Engine .. Transmission or Gearbox .. Flexible Plenum Chamber ..76 Chapter 5: Networking Fundamentals .. Introduction .. Fundamental network Characteristics .. Networking Layers, Models and Architectures .. Protocols: What Are They, Anyway? .. Circuit Switching and Packet Switching Networks ..84xiTable of Contents 2014 Intrepid Control Systems. All Rights Reserved. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols .. Messages: Packets, Frames, Datagrams and More .. Message Formatting: Headers, Payloads and Footers .. Message Addressing and Transmission Methods: Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast Messages .. network Topologies .. network Operational Models and Roles: Peer-to-Peer, Client/Server and Master/Slave Networking.

10 Types and Sizes of Networks .. Local Area Networks (LANs), Wireless LANs (WLANs), Wide Area Networks (WANs) and Variants .. network Size Terminology: Segments, Clusters, Networks, Subnetworks and Internetworks .. The Internet, Intranets and Extranets .. network Performance Issues and Concepts .. Putting network Performance In Perspective .. Balancing network Performance with Key Non-Performance Characteristics .. understanding Performance Measurement Terms and Units .. Performance Dimensions: Speed, Bandwidth, throughput and Latency .. Theoretical and Real-World throughput , and Factors Affecting network Performance .. Simplex, Half-Duplex and Full-Duplex Communication .. Quality of Service (QoS) ..122 Chapter 6: Automotive Ethernet Related Standards Organizations and Associations .. Introduction .. Making Sense of Standards Organizations and Associations .. International Standards Organizations.